Presentation 3

Question 1

What is the integumentary system composed of?

Answer 1

The skin (cutis), subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis), and accessory organs (hair, nails, glands).

Question 2

What are the two main layers of the skin?

Answer 2

Epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner).

Question 3

What is the function of the hypodermis?

Answer 3

Provides cushioning, insulation, and stores energy.

Question 4

What is another name for the hypodermis?

Answer 4

Superficial fascia.

Question 5

What is the main difference between thick and thin skin?

Answer 5

Thick skin has no hair follicles or sebaceous glands, whereas thin skin does.

Question 6

Where is thin skin found?

Answer 6

Covers most of the body.

Question 7

What is the role of stem cells in the epidermis?

Answer 7

They generate new keratinocytes in the stratum basale.

Question 8

What do keratinocytes produce?

Answer 8

Keratin, a tough structural protein.

Question 9

Where are melanocytes located?

Answer 9

In the stratum basale of the epidermis.

Question 10

What is the function of melanocytes?

Answer 10

They produce melanin, which protects against UV radiation.

Question 11

What are Merkel (tactile) cells and where are they found?

Answer 11

They are mechanoreceptors found in the fingertips and other sensitive areas.

Question 12

What do dendritic (Langerhans) cells do?

Answer 12

They help detect and fight pathogens in the skin.

Question 13

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

Answer 13

Stratum basale.

Question 14

Which epidermal layer is responsible for mitotic activity?

Answer 14

Stratum basale.

Question 15

What happens in the stratum spinosum?

Answer 15

Keratinocytes start producing keratin and strengthen connections between cells.

Question 16

Which epidermal layer contains the epidermal water barrier?

Answer 16

Stratum granulosum.

Question 17

Which layer of the epidermis is present only in thick skin?

Answer 17

Stratum lucidum.

Question 18

What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?

Answer 18

Acts as a protective outer layer with dead, keratinized cells.

Question 19

How long does the exfoliation cycle take?

Answer 19

30-40 days.

Question 20

What protein helps bundle keratin into tough structures?

Answer 20

Filaggrin.

Question 21

What seals the epidermal water barrier?

Answer 21

Lipids secreted from lamellar granules.

Question 22

What happens to cells after the water barrier is formed?

Answer 22

They become isolated, degenerate, and die.

Question 23

What are the three main types of UV radiation?

Answer 23

UVC, UVB, and UVA.

Question 24

Which type of UV radiation is absorbed before reaching the skin?

Answer 24

UVC (100-290 nm).

Question 25

Which type of UV radiation penetrates the epidermis and can cause DNA damage?

Answer 25

UVB (290-320 nm).

Question 26

Which type of UV radiation penetrates deeper and contributes to photoaging?

Answer 26

UVA (320-400 nm).

Question 27

What are natural antimicrobial defenses on the skin?

Answer 27

Acid mantle, dermcidin, and defensins.

Question 28

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 28

Papillary layer and reticular layer.

Question 29

What type of connective tissue is found in the papillary layer?

Answer 29

Loose areolar connective tissue.

Question 30

What structures are found in the papillary layer?

Answer 30

Small blood vessels, nerve endings, and Meissner’s corpuscles (touch receptors).

Question 31

What type of connective tissue is found in the reticular layer?

Answer 31

Dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 32

What causes stretch marks?

Answer 32

Tearing of collagen fibers in the dermis.

Question 33

What causes fingerprints?

Answer 33

Dermal papillae and friction ridges.

Question 34

What are flexion lines?

Answer 34

Natural folds in the skin at joints and flexor surfaces.

Question 35

Why are cleavage lines important for surgery?

Answer 35

Incisions along cleavage lines heal better with less scarring.

Question 36

What types of substances can be absorbed through the skin?

Answer 36

Lipid-soluble substances like vitamins A, D, E, K, steroids, toxins, and some drugs.

Question 37

How can certain chemicals enhance skin absorption?

Answer 37

By disrupting the epidermal water barrier (e.g., alcohol, essential oils).

Question 38

What type of tissue is found in the hypodermis?

Answer 38

Areolar and adipose tissue.

Question 39

Why is the hypodermis ideal for drug absorption?

Answer 39

It is highly vascular, allowing for rapid uptake of injected substances.

Question 40

What are the two types of melanin?

Answer 40

Eumelanin (brown-black) and pheomelanin (reddish-yellow).

Question 41

Why do darker-skinned individuals have more protection against UV radiation?

Answer 41

They produce more melanin and have wider melanin dispersion.

Question 42

What causes cyanosis?

Answer 42

Oxygen deficiency in the blood.

Question 43

What causes erythema?

Answer 43

Increased blood flow to the skin.

Question 44

What causes pallor?

Answer 44

Reduced blood flow or low hemoglobin levels.

Question 45

What is jaundice?

Answer 45

Yellowing of the skin due to bilirubin accumulation.

Question 46

What is a hematoma?

Answer 46

A bruise caused by clotted blood under the skin.

Question 47

What are the three types of hair?

Answer 47

Lanugo (fetal hair), vellus (fine body hair), and terminal hair (thicker hair on scalp, eyebrows, pubic regions).

Question 48

What are the three stages of the hair growth cycle?

Answer 48

Anagen (growth phase), Catagen (transition phase), Telogen (resting phase).

Question 49

What is the nail matrix?

Answer 49

The growth zone of the nail.

Question 50

What condition is indicated by spoon nails?

Answer 50

Iron-deficiency anemia.

Question 51

What are Beau’s lines on nails a sign of?

Answer 51

Malnutrition or systemic disease.

Question 52

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 52

Merocrine (eccrine) glands and apocrine glands.

Question 53

What is the function of merocrine glands?

Answer 53

Regulate body temperature through sweat production.

Question 54

Where are apocrine glands located?

Answer 54

Axillary and genital regions.

Question 55

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

Answer 55

Sebum, an oily substance that moisturizes hair and skin.

Question 56

What is the function of ceruminous glands?

Answer 56

Produce earwax to protect the ear canal.

Question 57

Which modified glands produce milk?

Answer 57

Mammary glands.

Question 58

Which skin cancer is the most common and least dangerous?

Answer 58

Basal cell carcinoma.

Question 59

Which skin cancer is more aggressive and can metastasize if untreated?

Answer 59

Squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 60

Which type of skin cancer is the most deadly?

Answer 60

Malignant melanoma.

Question 61

What is a first-degree burn?

Answer 61

A burn that damages only the epidermis.

Question 62

What is a second-degree burn?

Answer 62

A burn that affects both the epidermis and part of the dermis, causing blisters.

Question 63

What is a third-degree burn?

Answer 63

A full-thickness burn that destroys the epidermis, dermis, and possibly deeper tissues.

Question 64

Why do third-degree burns require skin grafts?

Answer 64

Because the skin cannot regenerate on its own when all layers are destroyed.