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LAZ FINAL YEAR COPY (MEDICINE AND SURGERY) > Prescribing > Flashcards

Prescribing Flashcards

1
Q

What dose of statin is used for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease?

A

Primary: 20 mg atorvastatin
Secondary: 80 mg atorvastatin

NOTE: rosuvastatin is a potent statin that is more likely to cause statin-induced myopathy

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2
Q

What dose of oral metronidazole is used to treat C. difficile infection?

A

400 mg every 8 hours for 10-14 days
Alternative: 500 mg every 8 hours

IMPORTANT: oral vancomycin should be used if it is a second episode of C. difficile colitis

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3
Q

What dose of omeprazole is used for peptic ulcers, gastro-oesophageal reflux and the prevention of ulcers?

A

Omeprazole 20 mg OD (usually for 4-8 weeks)

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4
Q

What is the first-line treatment option for cellulitis?

A

Oral flucloxacillin 250-500 mg QDS

2nd line: oral clarithromycin 250 mg BD for 7–14 days (up to 500 mg BD for severe infections)

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5
Q

Which dose of cyclizine is used in nauseated patients?

A

Cyclizine 50 mg 8-hourly IM/IV/oral

WARNING: can cause fluid retention so avoid in heart failure

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6
Q

What is the maximum dose of PRN paracetamol?

A

Paracetamol 1 g every 6 hours (maximum 4 g/day)

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7
Q

Which PRN pain relief should be given for patients with mild pain?

A

Codeine 30 mg up to 6-hourly

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8
Q

Which regular medication should be prescribed for patients with severe pain?

A

Co-codamol 30/500, 2 tablets every 6-hours

WARNING: pay attention to how much paracetamol a patient is taking if they are taking PRN co-codamol and regular paracetamol

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9
Q

Which PRN medication should be prescribed for severe pain?

A

Morphine sulphate 10 mg up to 6-hourly

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10
Q

Which medications are used first-line in neuropathic pain?

A

Amitriptyline 10 mg oral nightly
Pregabalin 75 mg oral 12-hourly

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11
Q

What dose of ibuprofen should be used for pain?

A

Ibuprofen 400 mg 8-hourly

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12
Q

What is the dividing factor for dosing when switching patients from oral codeine to oral morphine?

A

Divide by 10
Same with oral tramadol to oral morphine

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13
Q

For patients with advanced and progressive disease who are in pain, what should be prescribed provided there are no comorbidities?

A

20-30 mg modified-release oral morphine (or immediate-release based on patient preference) - e.g. 15 mg BD
With 5 mg immediate-release oral morphine for breakthrough pain

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14
Q

If a patient on 30 mg morphine sulphate BD is switched onto a syringe driver, what dose of subcutaneous morphine should be given?

A

30 mg in 24 hours

NOTE: if changing to SC morphine from oral morphine, the dose should be divided by 2 or 3
NOTE: if changing to SC diamorphine, it should be divided by 3

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15
Q

What should be coprescribed in patients who develop pneumonia after influenza?

A

Flucloxacillin (cover S. aureus)

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16
Q

What does 1% mean with regards to weight/volume calculations? (e.g. 1% lidocaine)

A

1 g in 100 mL (i.e. 10 mg in 1 mL)

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17
Q

What does PReSCRIBER stand for?

A

Patient details (name, DOB and hospital number)
Reaction (e.g. allergy)
Sign the front of the chart
Contraindications to each drug
Route
IV fluids necessary?
Blood clotting prophylaxis necessary?
Anti-Emetic necessary?
Pain Relief necessary?

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18
Q

What is the starting dose of ramipril and lisinopril in heart failure?

A

Ramipril: 1.25 mg OD
Lisinopril/Enalapril: 2.5 mg OD

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19
Q

When should ACE inhibitors be taken?

A

In the evening/night as it can cause postural hypotension

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20
Q

What dose of verapamil is used for rate control in atrial fibrillation?

A

40 mg 8-hourly

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21
Q

What is the usual daily starting dose of levothyroxine in hypothyroidism?

A

50-100 mcg

NOTE: in elderly patients and patients with comorbidities, a starting dose of 25 mcg OD may be used

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22
Q

What is the usual dose of amlodipine used for hypertension?

A

5 mg OD

Maximum of 10 mg OD

NOTE: it does not need to be taken at night

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23
Q

Which medications are usually taken at night?

A

Statins
Amitryptiline

NOTE: atorvastatin can be taken at any time of the day

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24
Q

What is an appropriate starting regime of analgesia for palliative patients?

A

20-30 mg per day of modified-release morphine + 5 mg morphine for breakthrough pain

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25
Q

Outline the rules for converting doses of opioids.

A

Oral codeine –> oral morphine = divide by 10
Oral tramadol –> oral morphine = divide by 10
Oral morphine –> oral oxycodone = divide by 1.5-2
Oral morphine –> SC morphine = divide by 2
Oral morphine –> SC diamorphine = divide by 3

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26
Q

Which opioids are preferred in CKD?

A

Buprenorphine and alfentanil

NOTE: the same drug should be used for maintenance and break-through pain (e.g. fentanyl 50 mcg/actuation nasal spray in each nostril repeated after 10 mins if required)

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27
Q

Which analgesic should you prescribe to a patient with renal colic?

A

IM diclofenac 75 mg

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28
Q

How big should the breakthrough dose of morphine be?

A

1/6 of the daily dose

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29
Q

What is the starting dose of methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

7.5 mg weekly
5 mg folic acid should be co-prescribed, to be taken more than 24 hours after the methotrexate dose

NOTE: methotrexate is available in 2.5 mg pills

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30
Q

List some p450 inducers.

A

Antiepileptics (phenytoin, carbamazepine)
Phenobarbitone
Rifampicin
St. John’s wort
Chronic alcohol intake
Griseofulvin
Smoking

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31
Q

List some p450 inhibitors.

A

Antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, clarithromycine/erythromycin)
Isoniazid
Cimetidine, omeprazole
Amiodarone
Allopurinol
Imidazoles: ketoconazole, fluconazole
SSRIs: fluoxetine, sertraline
Ritonavir
Sodium valproate
Acute alcohol intake

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32
Q

What are some adverse drug reactions associated with gentamicin and vancomycin?

A

Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity

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33
Q

Which antibiotics are particularly notorious for causing C. difficile colitis?

A

Cephalosporins
Ciprofloxacin

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34
Q

List some adverse effects of ACE inhibitors.

A

Hypotension
Electrolyte abnormalities (hyperkalaemia)
AKI
Dry cough

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35
Q

List some adverse effects of beta-blockers.

A

Hypotension
Bradycardia
Wheeze in asthmatics
Worsens acute heart failure (drops CO)

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36
Q

List some adverse effects of CCBs.

A

Hypotension
Bradycardia
Peripheral oedema
Flushing

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37
Q

List some adverse effects of heparins.

A

Haemorrhage (especially if renal failure or < 50 kg)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia

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38
Q

List some adverse effects of aspirin.

A

Haemorrhage
Peptic ulcers
Tinnitus

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39
Q

List some adverse effects of digoxin.

A

Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhoea
Blurred vision
Confusion
Drowsiness
Xanthopsia (yellow-green visual perception)

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40
Q

List some adverse effects of amiodarone.

A

Interstitial lung disease
Thyroid disease
Grey skin
Corneal deposits

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41
Q

List some adverse effects of lithium.

A

Early - tremor
Intermediate - tiredness
Late - arrhythmias, seizures, coma, renal failure, diabetes insipidus

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42
Q

List some adverse effects of statins.

A

Myalgia
Abdominal pain
Increased ALT/AST
Rhabdomyolysis

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43
Q

List some common drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index.

A

Warfarin
Digoxin
Phenytoin
Theophylline

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44
Q

Which commonly used medications should be stopped before surgery?

A

Antiplatelets
Anticoagulants
COCP
Lithium (omit the day before surgery)

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45
Q

What is the usual daily dose of alendronic acid?

A

10 mg

NOTE: 70 mg can be given WEEKLY in patients with post-menopausal osteoporosis

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46
Q

List some commonly used classes of medication that cause indigestion.

A

NSAIDs
Steroids
Bisphosphonates

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47
Q

What is the usual treatment dose of enoxaparin?

A

1.5 mg/kg

NOTE: 40 mg is the prophylactic dose

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48
Q

Which medications can reduce renal excretion of lithium?

A

ACE inhibitors
Diuretics (particularly thiazides)
NSAIDs

NOTE: if diuretics must be used in a patient on lithium, use loop diuretics

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49
Q

What is the target range for TSH in a patient with hyperthyroidism?

A

0.5-5.0 microU/L

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50
Q

When might you expect fluid input to be greater than fluid output in a patient?

A

Correction of dehydration
Renal failure

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51
Q

What are the daily maintenance requirements of fluid and potassium when NBM?

A

Fluid: 3 L (i.e. 1 L per 8 hours)
K+: 40-60 mmol

So, 1 L 0.9% saline with 20 mmol KCl over 8 hours

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52
Q

Which type of fluid should be used for maintenance in adults who are NBM?

A

Provided biochemistry is normal, they should have:
1 L of 0.9% saline
2 L 5% dextrose
Every 24 hours with 40-60 mmol KCl per day

53
Q

What is the first-line diabetic medication in patients with CKD?

A

Gliclazide

Metformin cannot be used if GFR < 30 ml/min

54
Q

What is the normal starting dose of amitryptyline?

A

10 mg

55
Q

Which antibiotic commonly interacts with statins and how should you deal with it?

A

Clarithromycin
It is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and it increases the toxicity of statins. So, statins should be stopped during the course of clarithromycin.

56
Q

Which medication can give immediate relief for patients with dyspepsia?

A

Magnesium carbonate 10 mL TDS

57
Q

What is a major contraindication for using lactulose?

A

Bloating

58
Q

What are some major contraindications for using Senna?

A

Colitis and cramps

59
Q

What is the main difference between the side-effects of codeine and tramadol?

A

Codeine - constipation
Tramadol - agitation/hallucinations

NOTE: both of them cause typical opioid side-effects (respiratory depression, reduced consciousness, pinpoint pupils)

60
Q

What dose of codeine is typically used for the management of pain?

A

30 mg 6-hourly

NOTE: maximum daily dose is 240 mg

61
Q

What is the best way of measuring the therapeutic effect of an aminophyline infusion?

A

Oxygen saturations will improve

62
Q

What is the best way of measuring tacrolimus levels in transplant patients?

A

Trough level before the morning or evening dose (aim for 6-10 ng/mL)

63
Q

What is the target pre-dose trough concentration for vancomycin?

A

10-15 mg/L

64
Q

List some common side-effects of calcium channel blockers.

A

Abdominal pain
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Flushing
Headache
Nausea
Palpitations
peripheral oedema
Skin reactions
Tachycardia
Vomiting

65
Q

Outline the management of high INR in patients on warfarin.

A

MAJOR BLEEDING: Stop warfarin + IV 5 mg vit K + PCC (or FFP)
INR > 8.0 + minor bleeding: stop warfarin + IV 1-3 mg vit K + restart warfarin when INR < 5
INR > 8 + no bleeding: stop warfarin + 1-5 mg oral vit K + restart warfarin when INR < 5
INR 5-8 + minor bleeding: stop warfarin + IV 1-3 mg vit K + restart warfarin when INR < 5
INR 5-8 + no bleeding: withhold 1 or 2 doses of warfarin + reduce subsequent maintenance dose

66
Q

When should diuretics be taken and why?

A

Any time except the evening because they will be up all night peeing

67
Q

Which commonly used NSAID is NOT nephrotoxic?

A

Aspirin

NOTE: it also rarely worsens asthma

68
Q

Which type of bladder stabilising drugs should be avoided in myasthenia gravis?

A

Anti-cholinergic (e.g. oxybutynin, solifenacin)

Use mirabegron instead

69
Q

Which medication can be given as a one-off for acute anxiety?

A

2 mg diazepam PO

70
Q

Which parameter is important to monitor in patients on digoxin?

A

Serum creatinine

It is mainly excreted renally, so patients with renal dysfunction are at risk of digoxin toxicity

71
Q

Which parameter is important to check at baseline and monitor in patients receiving sodium valproate?

A

LFTs (ALT)

Valproate is associated with hepatotoxicity

72
Q

What should you keen an eye on when giving a patient IV aminophylline?

A

ECG - it can precipitate cardiac arrhythmias

73
Q

What should be checked to identify theophylline toxicity?

A

Serum theophylline level (18 hours after commencing treatment)
Target: 10-20 mg/L

NOTE: aminophylline is a stable mixture of combined theophylline and ethylenediamine

74
Q

When does enoxaparin require dose-adjustment?

A

eGFR < 30 mL/min
Weight < 50 kg

75
Q

Which commonly used diabetes drugs can cause hypoglycaemia?

A

Insulin
Sulphonylureas (e.g. gliclazide)
Thiazolidinediones (e.g. pioglitazone)

76
Q

List some drugs that cause urinary retention?

A

Opioids
Anticholinergics
General anaesthetics,
Alpha-adrenoceptor agonists,
Benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam),
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. ibuprofen),
Calcium-channel blockers,
Antihistamines,
Alcohol.

77
Q

List drugs classes that can cause confusion.

A

Opioids (e.g. morphine)
Metoclopramide
Anticholinergics (e.g. oxybutynin, tiotropium)
Glucocorticoids (e.g. prednisolone)
Antibiotics (e.g. co-amoxiclav)
Diazepam
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
Anticonvulsants
Beta-blockers

78
Q

How should the dosing of gentamicin be changed if the peak and trough concentrations are too high?

A

Peak too high –> reduce the dose
Trough too high –> increase interval between doses (giving more time for clearance)

79
Q

Name two different LMWHs and their prophylactic and treatment doses.

A

Tinzaparin: 4500 U (prophylactic), 175 U/kg (treatment)
Enoxaparin: 40 mg (prophylactic), 1.5 mg/kg (treatment)

NOTE: enoxaparin 40 mg = 4000 U

80
Q

List some drugs that contribute to hyperkalaemia.

A

ACE inhibitors/ARB
Heparins (inhibit aldosterone synthesis)
Tacrolimus
Spironolactone/amiloride
NSAIDs

81
Q

When should aspirin be stopped before surgery?

A

7 days

82
Q

How should patients on warfarin be advised ahead of elective surgery?

A

Stop warfarin 5 days before surgery
If INR > 1.5 on the day before surgery, give 1-5 mg vitamin K PO

83
Q

Which monitoring parameter may rise slightly in patients started on ACE inhibitors?

A

Creatinine - but a rise < 20% is no cause for concern and treatment should continue (repeat U&E after 1 week)

84
Q

What is the best gauge of whether chronic heart failure treatment (i.e. ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers) are working?

A

Exercise tolerance

85
Q

How should the usual dose of insulin in a type 1 diabetic be changed if their blood glucose is being deranged due to the use of steroids?

A

Increase insulin dose by 10%

86
Q

When should patients be reviewed after starting a statin?

A

Measure total cholesterol, LDL and HDL 3 months after starting treatment
Aim for > 40% reduction in non-HDL cholesterol
If failed to achieved –> discuss adherence, consider increasing dose

87
Q

What medication should you prescribe for a mild CAP?

A

Amoxicillin 500 mg TDS for 5 days

Penicillin allergy: clarithromycin 500 mg BD for 5 days

88
Q

What medication should you prescribe for a HAP?

A

Piperacillin with tazobactam (tazocin) 4.5 g TDS IV

89
Q

How should acute dystonic reactions be treated?

A

Procyclidine

90
Q

Which steroid should be given to patients with an acute exacerbation of COPD?

A

30 mg prednisolone OD for 5 days

91
Q

Describe the interaction between warfarin and clarithromycin.

A

Clarithromycin increases the effect of warfarin (thereby leading to a rise in INR)

92
Q

How should patients be advised after missing one pill?

A

Take the missed pill and continue as per usual
They will be protected anywhere in the cycle

93
Q

Which diabetes drug does simvastatin interact with leading to myotoxicity?

A

Gemfibrozil

94
Q

What should be checked and corrected before starting amiodarone?

A

Serum potassium

Because amiodarone can cause hypokalaemia

95
Q

How is phenytoin monitored?

A

Trough level
Therapeutic at 10-20 mg/L

96
Q

What are the main risks of using metoclopramide?

A

Cardiac conduction disorders as it causes QTc prolongation (e.g. electrolyte disturbances)
Extra-pyramidal side-effects (avoid if already on an antipsychotic)

97
Q

What dose of aciclovir should be used to treat shingles in adults?

A

800 mg 5 times daily for 7 days

98
Q

List some common drugs that can cause ankle oedema.

A

CCBs (e.g. amlodipine)
Naproxen

99
Q

What should you do with a patient’s normal long- and short-acting insulin regimes when you start treating them for DKA?

A

Stop short-acting
Continue long-acting
Place on fixed-rate insulin infusion

100
Q

How should you advise patients to take loperamide?

A

4 mg followed by 2 mg after each loose stool up to a maximum of 16 mg/24 h

101
Q

What monitoring is required in patients taking ciclosporin?

A

Liver and kidney function

NOTE: it is not myelotoxic

102
Q

Which opioid is safe to use in renal impairment?

A

Oxycodone - it is mainly metabolised by the liver

103
Q

In a patient with DKA, what range of serum K+ warrants giving fluids with KCl?

A

3.5-5.5 mmol/l - use 0.9% saline + 40 mmol/L of potassium replacement

104
Q

Name a commonly used NSAID that can cause hepatitis.

A

Diclofenac

105
Q

What is the maximum rate at which fluids containing potassium can be given through a peripheral cannula?

A

10 mmol/hour

NOTE: rates above 20 mmol/hour needs cardiac monitoring

106
Q

How many mmol of KCl are in 1 L of 0.3% potassium?

A

40 mmol

107
Q

How should long-term prednisolone dose be changed in patients who are acutely unwell?

A

Double it

108
Q

What is the dose of nebulised adrenaline that should be given in severe croup?

A

400 micrograms/kg

109
Q

Why shouldn’t diltiazem and verapamil be used in heart failure?

A

Worsens fluid retention

NOTE: if AF in heart failure, digoxin should be used

110
Q

Which anti-epileptic is safest to use in pregnancy?

A

Lamotrigine

111
Q

Which are the best anti-epileptics for focal epilepsy?

A

Lamotrigine
Carbamazepine

112
Q

In which patients with newly diagnosed T2DM should you avoid using metformin?

A

Underweight (as it causes appetite suppression)
Creatinine > 150 umol/L (risk of lactic acidosis)

In these scenarios, use gliclazide instead

113
Q

What should be checked before starting treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs?

A

Fasting blood glucose

114
Q

How do you manage a Parkinson’s disease patient who is nil by mouth?

A

Get an urgent SALT assessment
Consider inserting NG tube
Consider prescribing rotigotine patch

115
Q

Which medications can be used to reduce secretions in palliative care?

A

Glycopyrronium
Hyoscine

NOTE: these are usually SC injections

116
Q

List some medications that exacerbate heart failure.

A

NSAIDs (fluid retention)
Verapamil and diltiazem (negative inotrope and fluid retention)
Pioglitazone (fluid retention)
Flecainide
Cyclizine (fall in cardiac output)

117
Q

How do you convert from morphine to alfentanil and fetanyl?

A

Morphine –> Alfentanil (divide by 30)
Alfentanil –> Fentanyl (divide by 5)
Breakthrough fentanyl = 1/8th of daily dose

118
Q

Which medications should be stopped before surgery?

A

Insulin
Lithium
Anticoagulants/antiplatelets
COCP/HRT
K+ sparing diuretics and ACE inhibitors
Oral hypoglycaemics (metformin)
Perindopril and other ACE inhibitors

119
Q

Which commonly used drugs should be avoided in peripheral vascular disease?

A

Beta-blockers
ACE inhibitors

120
Q

Which medication can be used as an alternative to LMWH in patients with VTE and a phobia of needles?

A

Apixaban 10 mg BD for 7 days

121
Q

Which medication is used for agitation in palliative care?

A

Midazolam

NOTE: haloperidol should be used for patients with hallucinations

122
Q

Which types of seizures can be treated with sodium valproate?

A

Generalised
Absence (also ethosuximide)
Myoclonic
Tonic

123
Q

Describe the equivalent doses between prednisolone and hydrocortisone.

A

5 mg prednisolone = 20 mg hydrocortisone

124
Q

What is the maximum dose of lidocaine that can be administered as local anaesthetic?

A

3 mg/kg without adrenaline

7 mg/kg with adrenaline

125
Q

In which patients should 5% dextrose be avoided?

A

Stroke - increased risk of cerebral oedema

126
Q

Which courses of steroids require weaning?

A

More than 40 mg prednisolone daily for 1 week
More than 3 weeks treatment
Repeated courses

127
Q

Which antibiotic is usually used for surgical prophylaxis?

A

Ceftriaxone 2 g IV stat

128
Q

How should a patient be switched from an insulin infusion to SC insulin?

A

VRIII should be stopped at breakfast or evening meal only (not at midday meal)
Administer usual dose of mixed insulin.
Allow patient to eat meal as normal.
Stop intravenous insulin infusion 30 minutes later.

LAZ FINAL YEAR COPY (MEDICINE AND SURGERY) (4 decks)

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