Preschoolers Flashcards
What are the phrases that can describe play with toddlers and with preschoolers?
toddler: “follow the leader”
preschooler: “let’s play pretend”
What do we work on strengthening in 3 yo’s?
strengthening hands (for grip) and feet (for balance)
What do we work on strengthening in 4-5yo’s?
midrange control in quads and hamstrings (for skipping/galloping)
A child who is gaining linear and vertical acceleration/deceleration with their climbing/jumping is how old?
36 mo
T/F: Hand dominance is established at 4-5 yo.
false, still working on it
- 7-8 is when the last ones finally get it
What sensory perceptual development is occuring in 3-5 yo’s?
- able to increase vertical and linear acceleration/deceleration
- working on hand dominance
- improving motor planning to execute advanced gross motor skills
A child who can walk on tiptoes on a 4in straight line is how old?
36 mo (could walk on one foot at 24 mo)
How does a child at 36 mo navigate stairs?
alternates feet going up
marks time going down
- most still hold on for support
How does running improve by 36 mo?
- at 24 mo, they were running on toes with immature weight shifts
- now they can run FAST: 45’ in 6sec or less
- stops/changes direction easily
How long can a 3yo stand on 1 foot?
3 seconds (compared to 1-2 for 2yo’s)
When does a child have mature weight shifts in gait?
2 yo
A child who can run 45ft in 6sec or less, as well as easily able to change direction and stop, is how old?
36 mo
How far can a 36 mo throw a tennis ball?
about 10 ft (was 3-7ft for 2 yo)
How does catching a ball differ between 2yo and 3yo?
2 = catch large ball against body 3 = catch ball with arms extended, pulls ball into body
How old is a child that uses opposing arm/leg movements when kicking a ball?
3 yo: kicks it 6’
- as opposed to 3ft at 2 yo
At what age does hopping begin? Describe early hopping.
36mo: hops 2-10x in a row, uncoordinated
A child who is able to skip with trunk rotation is how old?
5 yo
A child who is able to jump forward 26” using 2 footed take off and landing is how old?
3 yo
2yo: jumped off step with one foot leading, jumped 1-2 inches in air
A child who is able to hop 20’ in 6 sec or less without losing balance is how old?
5 yo
How old is a child who demonstrates mature weight shifts during gait on a variety of surfaces and when moving objects?
4 yo
How long can a 5 yo maintain SLS with mature weight shifts?
10 sec
At what age do mature weight shifts with gait occur?
18 mo (developing at 15 mo)
A child who demonstrates mature weight shifts in transitions and in crawling up steps is how old?
18 mo
Describe how weight shifting matures in gait from 12 months to 4 yrs.
12 mo: immature weight shifts on level surfaces
15: maturing… on level surfaces
18: matured on level surfaces
36: immature on UNEVEN surfaces
4 yr: matured on a variety of surfaces
A child who alternates feet when going up stairs but still marks time when going down is how old?
3 yo
T/F: A child demonstrates mature weight shifts when navigating stairs by 4 yo.
true
A child beginning to ride a tricycle is how old?
3 yo
At what age do we have mature weight shifts in static standing?
12 mo
At what age do we have matured weight shifts in transitions to stand?
18 mo
A child who is able to alternate feet going up/down stairs and uses rotation when doing so is how old?
4-5 yo
- rotation difficult at 3 yo, also still marking time going down at 3 yo
What are 3 yo’s good at? What are they missing?
good at: following directions
bad at: coordination
A child who is able to stand on one foot for 10sec with limited swaying is how old?
4 yo
Discuss the progression of standing on one foot skill development.
24 mo: stands on 1 foot for 1-2 sec
3 yo: stands on 1 foot for 3 sec
4: stands on 1 foot for 10 sec with limited sway
5: stands on tip toes for 8 sec without much sway, can stand on each foot for 10 sec without sway
- mature weight shifts at 5 yo also
Describe running skill progression.
18 mo: hurried walk
24 mo: toe running with immature weight shifts for 10’
3 yo: runs faster, 45’ in 6 sec, mature weight shifts, slows better
4 yo: can stop/start within two steps of command without falling, mature weight shifts (red light/green light!!)
Describe ball throwing progression.
13 mo: flinging
18 mo: throws overhand 3ft
24 mo: throws underhand 3-7 ft
36: throws overhand 10 ft
4 yo: throws underhand 10ft, can hit a target 12ft away
Describe catching a ball progression.
13 mo: corrals in sitting
24 mo: catches large ball against body
36 mo: catches ball with arms extended, brings it into body
3.5 yo: catches ball with flexed elbows
4 yo: catches tennis ball with elbows bent
5 yo: bounces and catches tennis ball with one hand
If a child is able to catch a ball with bent elbows without bringing it into their body, how old are they?
3.5 yrs
If a child is able to catch a tennis ball, how old are they?
4 yo
At what age do children no longer need their body to stabilize when catching a ball?
4-5 yo
How old is a child that can walk backwards on a line?
4 yo
How old is a child that can stand on their tiptoes with minimal sway?
5 yo (4 yrs = stand on one foot 10sec with minimal sway)
How old is a child that can run/stop by 2 steps of command without falling?
4 yo ( 3 yrs = running fast, 45' in 6 sec with mature weight shifts)
How old is a child that has mature weight shifts in running?
3 yo (don’t have them at 2, and can start/stop on command at 4 yo)
How old is a child that alternates feet going up the stairs but still marks time going down?
3 yo (alternates both up and down at 4 yo)
Describe jumping skill progression.
24 mo: jumps 1-2 in up with both feet, jumps down leading with one foot
36 mo: jumps FORWARD 26in with two foot initiation and landing
4 yo: jumps forward 30in, 2 feet
5 yo: jumps forward 36in, can jump and turn, jump sideways, jump rope
A child that is able to jump rope is how old?
5 yo
How far can a 5 yo skip?
8-10ft with trunk rotation
How far can a 4 yo gallop?
10ft
When does rhythmical, matured arm swing in gait occur?
age 4
start swinging arms at 18 mo, get counter rotation at 24 mo
What is primarily used to catch balance in dynamic activities until 7 yo?
arms; trunk used after that but it’s just not strong enough yet
Midrange control of quads is established at what age?
4-5 yo
At what age do we see matured weight shifts during gait on level surfaces?
18 mo (still working on it at 15)
When do we see mature weight shifts in running?
36 mo
A child that demonstrates mature weight shifts in gait on UNEVEN surfaces is how old?
4 yo
T/F: 4 yo’s have matured weight shifts during advanced play skills.
false, not mature until 5 yo
Why do we need counter rotation during gait?
allows us to change direction smoother, run, and move faster
Describe stair skill from 3-5 yo.
3: alternates feet going up, marks time down
4-5: alternates feet going up/down
T/F: We see trunk rotation with skipping at age 5.
true
At what age does hopping begin?
3 yrs: hops 2-10 times uncoordinated
Describe hopping skill progression.
3 yo: hops 2-10 times uncoordinated
4 yo: hops more on dominant, some on non dominant
5 yo: hops 20’ in 6sec without losing balance
What are some games you could play with preschoolers?
relays, dance routines, obstacle courses (with water maybe!), skip to my lou
Summary: What are preschoolers gaining in this time?
- coordination
- advanced motor skills (gallop, skip, run, hop, trike, throw
- improved balance
- complex motor planning
Why would insurance companies limit coverage at the preschool age for advanced motor skills, and how can we overcome this?
- they think advanced skills like running, jumping, etc aren’t necessary
- but if we prove that they’re hurting themselves doing these things (d/t poor balance or control) we could maybe make a case for them
T/F: Family centered care tends to shift to child-centered care during the preschool years.
true
For what ages is PT a primary service, and when does it become a related service?
primary = infants/toddlers related = preschool (more focus on language/education than gross motor now)
What developmental stage are preschoolers in, cognitively?
pre-operational: symbolic play, illogical concrete thinking
What are common differences between how toddlers and preschoolers are treated in therapy?
- child-centered care for preschool vs family centered for toddlers
- emphasize age appropriate behaviors/skills
- shift in focus to language/literacy/education in preschool yrs vs gross motor (PT now a related service)
How can we treat kids holistically in therapy?
- emphasize gross motor age appropriate skills, but also cognition, fine motor, and socialization
- encouragement for kids
- consider transitions for kids now (like getting on bus, recess play time, etc) and practice skills to help those areas
