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AP Enviro > Prerequisite Terms + Dimensional Analysis Quiz > Flashcards

Prerequisite Terms + Dimensional Analysis Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy an object possesses due to its motion (K.E. = 1/2m*v2)

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2
Q

Potential Energy

A

The energy stored in an object due to its position (U=mgh).

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3
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

The process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation.

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4
Q

Half-life

A

The time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

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5
Q

Radiation

A

the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles

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6
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Conservation of Matter & Energy)

A

The total mass should be a constant inside a closed system that does not allow matter or energy to escape. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

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7
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system

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8
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy transfers lead to increased entropy (disorder) in the system, and energy quality decreases over time

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9
Q

Organism

A

Any living individual entity that can act or function independently. Carries on the activities of life by means of organs which have separate functions but are dependent on each other

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10
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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11
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area

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12
Q

Community

A

Different populations of organisms living together in a specific area

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13
Q

Ecosystem

A

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

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14
Q

Producers/Autotrophs

A

Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

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15
Q

Consumers/Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms

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16
Q

Decomposers

A

Organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms, returning nutrients to the ecosystem

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16
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) using sunlight.

CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

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17
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

The process by which cells convert glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy (ATP)

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

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18
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Respiration that requires oxygen, producing more energy (ATP) than anaerobic respiration.

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19
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen, producing less energy (ATP) and often leading to byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.

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20
Q

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

A

A colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration.

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21
Q

CO (carbon monoxide)

A

A colorless, odorless, and toxic gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials.

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22
Q

CH4 (methane)

A

A colorless, odorless, flammable gas that is the main constituent of natural gas and a potent greenhouse gas.

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23
Q

C6H12O6 (glucose)

A

A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and a component of many carbohydrates.

24
Q

Hg (mercury)

A

A heavy, silvery metal that is liquid at room temperature, known for its toxicity.

25
Q

N2 (nitrogen gas)

A

A colorless, odorless gas that makes up about 78% of Earth’s atmosphere.

26
Q

O2 (oxygen gas)

A

A colorless, odorless gas that is essential for respiration in most living organisms.

27
Q

O3 (ozone)

A

A molecule composed of three oxygen atoms, found in the Earth’s stratosphere, and absorbs most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.

28
Q

Pb (lead)

A

A heavy metal that is toxic to living organisms, historically used in paints and fuels.

29
Q

SO2 (sulfur dioxide)

A

A colorless gas with a pungent odor, produced by volcanic eruptions and industrial processes, and contributes to acid rain.

30
Q

NO2 (nitrogen dioxide)

A

A reddish-brown gas with a characteristic sharp, biting odor, a significant air pollutant, and contributes to the formation of smog

31
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait or behavior that has evolved through natural selection and increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction

32
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the DNA sequence of a gene, which can lead to variations in traits

33
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein or trait

34
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic or feature of an organism, which can be influenced by genetics and environment

35
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure made of DNA and proteins that contains the genetic information of an organism

36
Q

Gene Pool

A

The total collection of genes in a population at any one time

37
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation

38
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem

39
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

The theory explaining the movement of the Earth’s lithosphere, which is divided into tectonic plates

39
Q

Extinction

A

The complete disappearance of a species from Earth

40
Q

Weathering

A

The breaking down of rocks, soils, and minerals through direct contact with the Earth’s atmosphere

41
Q

Rocks

A

Naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals or mineraloids

42
Q

Minerals

A

Naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and structure

43
Q

Climate

A

The long-term average of weather patterns in a particular area

44
Q

Weather

A

The short-term state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind

45
Q

Biomagnification

A

The increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain

46
Q

Combustion

A

A chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat and light

O2 + hydrocarbon -> CO2 + H2O

46
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

The gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals, in an organism

47
Q

Food Chains

A

A linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another

48
Q

Food Webs

A

A complex network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem

49
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable in an experiment that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the researcher

50
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable in an experiment that is measured and expected to change as a result of the independent variable.

51
Q

Constants

A

The factors in an experiment that are kept the same across all experimental groups to ensure a fair test

52
Q

Control Group

A

The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment, used as a baseline to compare results

53
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a test or experiment measures what it claims to measure

53
Q

Accuracy

A

he degree to which a measurement or calculation conforms to the correct value or a standard

54
Q

Precision

A

The degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results

AP Enviro (5 decks)

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