Preparation Flashcards
General knowledge about the course goals.
What is the difference between frequentist (orthodox) and Bayesian statistics?
Frequentist focuses on likelihood and significance testing, Bayesian as belief or certainty.
What does the Bayes’ Theorem tell us?
How to update the probability of a hypothesis based on new evidence.
What is a p-value in frequentist statistics?
The probability of getting a statistic at least as extreme as the one observed, assuming H0 is true.
What is a prior distribution in Bayesian statistics?
The initial belief about a parameter before observing any data.
What is the likelihood function?
A function that expresses the probability of the observed data given different values of a parameter.
What is internal validity in an experiment?
The degree to which it accurately establishes a causal relationship between variables, free from other factors.
What is external validity?
The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other situations, populations or times.
What is a Type I error?
When the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected, so a false positive
What is a Type II error?
When the null hypothesis is incorrectly accepted, so false negative.
What is the difference between randomization and random sampling?
Randomization is random assignment of participants to different groups, random sampling is selecting participants from a population with equal probability.
What is a confounding variable?
An external factor that influences both the independent and dependent variables, potentially leading to false conclusions.
What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the characteristics of a dataset, inferential statistics use sample data to make generalizations or predictions about a population.
What is a confidence interval?
A range of values derived from sample data, likely to contain the true population parameter with a specified level of confidence (percentage).
What is statistical power?
The probability of correctly rejecting H0 when it is false.
What is an effect size?
How big the difference between groups is, or the relationship between variables.
