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prep for training Flashcards

1
Q

BIOS

A

a set of computer instructions in firmware which control input and output operations.

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2
Q

EPROM

A

Eraseable Programable Read Only Memory

a read-only memory whose contents can be erased by ultraviolet light or other means and reprogrammed using a pulsed voltage.

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3
Q

USB

A

Universal Serial Bus

technology used to connect computers with peripheral devices

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4
Q

Serial Port

A

a connector by which a device that sends data one bit at a time may be connected to a computer. (monitor port)

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5
Q

RS-232

A

Form of Serial Data transmission, or ‘Serial Connection’.

more or less replaced by USB connections now, but not complletely.

delivers data as voltage signals.

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6
Q

Parallel Port

A

a connector for a device that sends or receives several bits of data simultaneously by using more than one wire.

looks like the winder RS-232

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7
Q

(U)EFI

A

UEFI is a set of specifications written by the UEFI Forum. They define the architecture of the platform firmware used for booting and its interface for interaction with the operating system

actively replacing BIOS

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8
Q

Boot Loader

A

a program that loads an operating system when a computer is turned on.

computer program responsible for booting a computer. When computer turns off, its software‍—operating systems, application code, and data‍—‌remains stored on non-volatile memory.

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9
Q

GRUB/LILO

A

GRUB: new boot loader with multi-OS device management. supports Windows, Linux, UNIX, macOS, BSD, and Solaris.

LILO: older boot loader with single OS device management. Only supports Linux.

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10
Q

ATAPI

A

Advanced Technology Attatchment Packet Interface

ATA Packet Interface is a protocol that has been added to Parallel ATA and Serial ATA so that a greater variety of devices can be connected to a computer than with the ATA command set alone. It carries SCSI commands and responses through the ATA interface.

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11
Q

SATA

A

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

refers to a type of connector cable that is used to attach components, like hard drives, to a motherboard. A solid-state drive (SSD) is a type of storage drive that allows for very fast read and write speeds. Comparing the drive type with a type of connector cable does not really make sense.

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12
Q

Master Boot Recorder

A

The Master Boot Record (MBR) is the information in the first sector of a hard disk or a removable drive.

Identifies how and where the system’s operating system (OS) is located in order to be booted (loaded) into the computer’s main storage or random access memory (RAM).

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13
Q

RAM

A

Form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code.

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14
Q

ROM

A

Read-only memory is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be electronically modified after the manufacture of the memory device.

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15
Q

CPU

A

The component of a computer system that controls the interpretation and execution of instructions. The CPU of a PC consists of a single microprocessor, while the CPU of a more powerful mainframe consists of multiple processing devices, and in some cases, hundreds of them.

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16
Q

CPU cache

A

Store temporary files, using hardware and software components. An example of a hardware cache is a CPU cache. This is a small chunk of memory on the computer’s processor used to store basic computer instructions that were recently used or are frequently used.

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17
Q

MTBF

A

How is MTBF defined?
Mean time between failures (MTBF) is the average time between system breakdowns. Mean time between failures is a crucial maintenance metric to measure performance, safety, and equipment design, especially for critical or complex assets like generators or airplanes.

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18
Q

Binary / Octal / Hex

A
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19
Q

Swap File

A

What is a swap file (swap space or page file)? A swap file is a system file that creates temporary storage space on a solid-state drive or hard disk when the system runs low on memory. The file swaps a section of RAM storage from an idle program and frees up memory for other programs.

A swap file allows Linux to simulate the disk space as RAM. When your system starts running out of RAM, it uses the swap space to and swaps some content of the RAM on to the disk space. This frees up the RAM to serve more important processes. When the RAM is free again, it swaps back the data from the disk.

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20
Q

Virtual Memory

A

Common technique used in a computer’s operating system. Uses both hardware and software to enable a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages, temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.

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21
Q

Inode

A

file data structure that stores information about any Linux file except its name and data.

keep track of all the files on a Linux system. Except for the file name and the actual content of the file, inodes save everything else.

22
Q

ASCII Table

A

ASCII, in full American Standard Code for Information Interchange, a standard data-encoding format for electronic communication between computers. ASCII assigns standard numeric values to letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and other characters used in computers.

23
Q

Unicode

A

Worldwide character encoding standard.

24
Q

wchar, UTF

A

wchar_t: 16-bit wide character used to store Unicode encoded as UTF-16LE. native character type on windows operating systems.

25
Q

FUBAR

A

placeholder to refer to generic examples or temporary files or programs that are to be deleted

Fucked Up Beyond All Recognition

26
Q

Waterfall

A

The waterfall model is a breakdown of project activities into linear sequential phases, meaning they are passed down onto each other

27
Q

POSIX

A

What is POSIX in computer?
POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) is a set of standard operating system interfaces based on the Unix operating system.

family of standards specified by IEEE for maintaining compatibility among operating systems. Therefore, any software that conforms to POSIX standards should be compatible with other operating systems that adhere to the POSIX standards.

28
Q

GNU

A

GNU’s Not Unix

GNU is a Unix-like operating system. That means it is a collection of many programs: applications, libraries, developer tools, even games. The development of GNU, started in January 1984, is known as the GNU Project.

29
Q

ANSI

A

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Private, non-profit organization that administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary standards and conformity assessment system.

30
Q

UTF-7/8

A

both types of Unicode Transformation Format, the standard used to encode 16-bit Unicode characters such as international letters and special symbols in a format that can be transmitted through 7-bit or 8-bit systems.

31
Q

IP/TCP/UDP

A

TCP/IP is a stream-oriented protocol, while UDP is a packet-oriented protocol. This means that TCP/IP is considered to be a long stream of data that is transmitted from one end of the connection to the other end, and another long stream of data flowing in the opposite direction.

UDP can be used for every type of application that TCP can, as long as you also implement a proper retransmission mechanism.

32
Q

Kernel

A

The kernel, or system core, ensures the smooth running of the operating system within a computer and is the interface between the software and the hardware. It is used in all devices with an operating system, for example, computers, laptops, smartphones, smartwatches, etc.

33
Q

System Call

A

A system call is a routine that allows a user application to request actions that require special privileges. Adding system calls is one of several ways to extend the functions provided by the kernel.

create, delete, open, close, read, write,

34
Q

SCRUM

A

Scrum is a framework for project management that emphasizes teamwork, accountability and iterative progress toward a well-defined goal. The framework begins with a simple premise: Start with what can be seen or known. After that, track the progress and tweak, as necessary.

35
Q

Agile Development

A

Agile is an iterative approach to project management and software development that helps teams deliver value to their customers faster and with fewer headaches. Instead of betting everything on a “big bang” launch, an agile team delivers work in small, but consumable, increments.

36
Q

File Systems: NTFS

A

New Technology File System:

Process that the Windows NT operating system uses for storing, organizing, and finding files on a hard disk efficiently. NTFS was first introduced in 1993, as apart of the Windows NT 3.1 release.

37
Q

File Systems: NFS

A

The Network File System (NFS) is a mechanism for storing files on a network. It is a distributed file system that allows users to access files and directories located on remote computers and treat those files and directories as if they were local.

38
Q

File Systems: FAT-16/32

A

The FAT32 file system cannot store individual files larger than 4 GB, while the NTFS file system can. Compared to FAT32, the NTFS file system has higher disk utilization and can manage disk space more effectively. The read and write speeds of NTFS are also faster than that of FAT32.

39
Q

File Systems: JFS

A

Journaled File System (JFS) is a 64-bit journaling file system created by IBM.

The “journaled” aspect of JFS means that the file system keeps tracks of changes to files and folders in a log file (or journal). This log can be used to backtrack certain changes in case of an unexpected power failure or system crash, which may prevent data corruption

40
Q

File Systems: etc4

A

Fourth extended file system, is a journaling file system for Linux. ext4’s most common use case is formatting volumes, hard drives, and other computing storage solutions. ext4 is the default file system for DigitalOcean Volumes Block Storage due to its stability and backwards compatibility.

Ext4 has better journaling capabilities and a higher maximum supported size of 1 exbibyte, while ExFAT is compatible with both Windows and MacOSX operating systems up to 16 exbibytes in size

41
Q

Disk Partitions: Primary

A

Primary partition is a bootable partition and it contains the operating system/s of the computer, while logical partition is a partition that is not bootable. Multiple logical partitions allow storing data in an organized manner

42
Q

Disc Partitions: Extended

A
43
Q

Disc Partitions: Logical

A

A logical partition can be formatted and assigned a drive letter. A logical partition must be created inside an extended partition. If an extended partition does not already exist on the disk or the specified size of the logical drive exceeds the extended partition, no partition is created

44
Q

History of Unix

A

1969 - AT&T invented by Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie

1973 - Unix is rewritten in C

1979 - V6 and BDS Released

45
Q

History of Linux

A
46
Q

History of Open Source

A
47
Q

History of Internet

A
48
Q

History of GNU

A
49
Q

How Hard Disks Work

A
50
Q

How Flash Memory Works

A

Prep for Training (17 decks)

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