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Human Development > Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 key things psychologists used to believe about prenates?

A

–Limited cognitive abilities
–Fragmented and confused experience

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2
Q

What are the 3 key current beliefs about prenatal development?

A
  1. Experience rich, stimulating, coherent
  2. Learning
  3. Continuity
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3
Q

What 3 things are continuous between fetal and postnatal periods?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Rest-activity
  3. Language dev.
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4
Q

What were the 2 key historical methods for studying prenatal development?

A
  1. Indirect
  2. Autopsy
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5
Q

Give 2 examples of indirect historical methods for studying prenatal development

A
  1. Playing loud sound near abdomen
  2. Placing electrodes on abdomen to detect movement or heartbeat
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6
Q

What are the 4 key current methods used to study prenatal development?

A
  1. Fetal ultrasound cardiotocograph (CTG)
  2. Fetal ultrasound imaging (3D & 4D)
  3. fMRI
  4. MEG
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7
Q

What is the APGAR score?

A

Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

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8
Q

When is the APGAR score taken?

A

1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

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9
Q

What are alleles? (1 word)

A

Genes

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10
Q

Genotype

A

Inherited genetics

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable & measurable characteristics and traits

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12
Q

What are the two types of genetic inheritance? Give two examples of each.

A
  1. Simple dominant (e.g. tongue rolling, Huntingtons)
  2. Polygenetic (e.g. height, temperament)
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13
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of how environment modifies, adds to, or inhibits the action of genes.

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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?

A
  1. Germinal
  2. Embryonic
  3. Fetal
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15
Q

When is the germinal phase?

A

0-2 weeks

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16
Q

When is the embryonic stage?

A

3-8 weeks

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17
Q

When is the fetal stage?

A

9 weeks–birth

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18
Q

When does implantation take place?

A

Day 6-10

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19
Q

What is implantation? (2)

A

–Zygote implanted in uteric wall
–End of germinal phase

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20
Q

How long is the prenate outside of the womb?

A

3 days!

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21
Q

During which phase does organ development take place?

A

Embryonic

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22
Q

What are the 4 main processes involved in organ development?

A
  1. Division
  2. Migration
  3. Differentiation
  4. Death
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23
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed from the genetic information from both parents.

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24
Q

How many chromosomes does a zygote contain?

A

–46 total
–23 pairs

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25
Q

What are the two types of chromosome and how many are there of each?

A

Autosomes (22 pairs)
Sex chromosomes (1 pair)

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26
Q

When does the zygote form?

A

Day 1!

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27
Q

When does cleavage happen? (lol)

A

Day 2-3

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28
Q

What is cleavage? (2)

A

–Zygote divides
–Each division turns into 2 cells called blastomeres

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29
Q

What is mitosis?

A

–One of two types of cell division during cleavage
–Cell duplicates its chromosomes and divides into 2 genetically IDENTICAL “daughter” cells

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30
Q

What is meiosis? (3)

A

–One of two types of cell division during cleavage
–Only happens to germ cells (sex chromosomes)
–Cell divides into 4 cells, called gametes

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31
Q

How are gametes formed? (2)

A

–Formed through meiosis
–Contains HALF the chromosomes in the original cell

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32
Q

On what day is the prenate an early blastocyst?

A

Day 4

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33
Q

What happens on day 4?

A

–Cell differentiation
–Inner layer -> embryo
–Outer layer -> placenta

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34
Q

When does implantation happen?

A

Day 6-10

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35
Q

What is implantation?

A

–Blastocyst attaches to uterine wall

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36
Q

What proportion of zygotes fail to survive implantation?

A

3 out of 4

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37
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

3-8 weeks

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38
Q

What three layers form during the embryonic period?

A

–Outer
–Middle
–Inner

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39
Q

What’s in the outer layer formed during the embryonic period?

A

Nervous system, skin, hair

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40
Q

What 2 key precursors to the nervous system at 4 weeks?

A

–Primitive head
–Neural plate that –> CNS & spinal cord

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41
Q

During what period does sexual differentiation occur?

A

Embryonic

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42
Q

What 3 key milestones happen at 11 weeks?

A

–Brain growth
–All organs present
–Spine and ribs

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43
Q

What 3 key milestones happen at 16 weeks?

A

–Lower body growth
–Movement up (breath, reflex)
–External genitalia

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44
Q

When do components of facial expressions present?

A

20 weeks

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45
Q

What 5 key things happen by 28 weeks?

A
  1. REM
  2. Neural activity like newborn
  3. Rest-activity
  4. Circadian
  5. Learning
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46
Q

What 3 key learning activities can take place at 28 weeks?

A
  1. Mother’s voice
  2. Music & language
  3. Emotional content
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47
Q

When does the foetus develop touch and what shows that they do? (3)

A

~8 weeks

–Plays with face
–Plays with umbilical cord
–Opens mouth

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48
Q

When does the foetus develop taste and smell and what shows that they do? (2)

A

~13 weeks

–Bitter, sweet, sour
–Big changes in parent’s diet during this period affects sucking and preferences for breastmilk

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49
Q

When does the foetus develop vestibular senses and what shows that they do? (1)

A

~25 weeks

Righting reflex

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50
Q

When does the foetus develop hearing and what 3 elements of sound can they recognize?

A

~25 weeks

  1. Speech
  2. Rhythm
  3. Pitch
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51
Q

When does the foetus develop vision and what shows that they do? (3)

A

~28-30 weeks

–Eyes close for sleep
–Eyes open & move when awake
–Can react to light from ~30 weeks

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52
Q

When does habituation begin?

A

30

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53
Q

Give an example of fetal habituation to visual stimulus. (2)

A

–Flash lights in specific order + measure cortical response using MEG
–> Shows similar response to previously learned patterns

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54
Q

Give an example of fetal habituation to auditory stimulus. (2)

A

–Mother reads poem
–When newborns played this poem if they suck in a specific pattern, quickly learn to do so

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55
Q

Give an example of fetal habituation to taste. (1)

A

If you drink carrot juice while pregnant, ur baby will like carrot juice.

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56
Q

Which organ develops THROUGHOUT the prenatal period (from ~3 weeks)?

A

Brain!

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57
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Brain development

58
Q

When does the brain stop developing?

A

Early adulthood

59
Q

At what age has neonatal preference for faces been recorded?

A

A few hours after birth

60
Q

What are the 4 stages of brain development?

A
  1. Neurogenesis
  2. Neural migration
  3. Differentiation
  4. Synaptic pruning (death)
61
Q

When does neurogenesis begin?

A

~3 weeks
–When ectoderm begins to form neural plate

62
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The birth of neurons

63
Q

What is neural migration?

A

Migration of neurons to their correct location

64
Q

What is differentiation? (3)

A

–Neurons become different types
–Synapses form
–Myelination

65
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Pruning of connections between cells

66
Q

How many neurons do we have?

A

About 100 billion

67
Q

How many neurons is each neuron connected to?

A

~7000

68
Q

How are new synaptic connections formed?

A

Learning

69
Q

What is myelination?

A

Fatty insular forms around axon, make it go fast

70
Q

What is the process of synaptic pruning? (5)

A

–Brain initially “overenthusiastic” in forming connections
–Synapse elimination to “fine-time” neural connections
–Leads to “functional networks”
–Strongly influenced by environment..!
–Pruned connections can be replaced

71
Q

Do baby brains have more grey or white matter?

A

Grey

72
Q

What is grey matter? (2)

A

–Cell bodies
–Dendrites

73
Q

What is white matter? (1)

A

Axons

74
Q

What is the brain like at birth? (3)

A
  1. 1/4 size of adult
  2. Generating lots of new synapses
  3. Pays attention to faces, familiar sounds
75
Q

Chromosomes

A

Packages of DNA inside each cell’s nucleus

76
Q

Genome

A

An organism’s complete set of DNA

77
Q

How many DNA base pairs are there in each cell?

A

~3 billion

78
Q

How many genes are there in a human genome?

A

Between 20,000-25,000

79
Q

What 3 things do genes regulate?

A
  1. Formation and functioning of new cells
  2. Differentiation
  3. Timing and pace of development
80
Q

What are chromosomal abnormalities? (3)

A
  1. Changes in number of chromosomes
  2. ‘Error’ in cell division or chromosome structure
  3. Random
81
Q

What are genetic abnormalities? (3)

A
  1. Mutation of one or multiple genes
  2. May be environmentally influenced
  3. Usually inherited
82
Q

What is the human genome project?

A

Sequencing the human genome–3 billion DNA base pairs

83
Q

What are the 4 main potential benefits of the human genome project?

A
  1. Improve diagnosis
  2. Detect dispositions to disease
  3. Assess damage from radiation exposure
  4. Establish family relationships
84
Q

What is Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy?

A

Allows folks with MRT to have their nucleus implanted in egg that has healthy mitochondria

85
Q

Describe gene x environment interaction

A

Genes and environment interact to determine how genotype is translated into phenotype

86
Q

Give 3 examples of the impact of prenatal environment on development.

A

–Nutrition
–Stress
–Perceptual/cognitive

87
Q

Give an example of DNA being changed by your childhood environment

A

McDade et al 2017–babies who get more cuddles have their genetics changed -> lower morbidity

88
Q

Teratogen

A

Environmental agents that can harm fetus

89
Q

What are the three Ds of teratogens?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Disease
  3. Drugs
90
Q

What 3 things can teratogens cause?

A
  1. Prenatal death
  2. Structural abnormalities
  3. Physiological changes
91
Q

What 2 factors are teratogens sensitive to?

A
  1. Timing
  2. Dose
92
Q

How did Zika virus affect newborns? (4)

A

–Small head
–Developmental delays
–Intellectual disability
–Behavioural and neurological differences

93
Q

What’s PKU? (1+5)

A

Phenylketonuria
–Hyperactivity
–Brain damage
–Behavioural difficulties
–Tremors
–Epilepsy

94
Q

What can variation in the 5-HT transporter gene cause?

A

–Depression
–Anxiety

95
Q

What 3 factors mediate the impact of having short alleles in the 5-HT transporter gene?

A

–Social support
–Poverty
–Childhood maltreatment

96
Q

What 3 things can environment do to a gene?

A
  1. Modify
  2. Add to
  3. Inhibit
97
Q

Foetus

A

12 weeks after conception until birth

98
Q

Neonate

A

Infant less than a month old

99
Q

What indirect methods are used to study prenatal development?

A
  1. Comparative
  2. Autopsy
  3. Neonates
100
Q

What direct methods are used to study prenatal development?

A
  1. Foetal ultrasound
  2. fMRI
  3. MEC
101
Q

What 3 things can we record using fetal ultrasound?

A
  1. Heartbeat
  2. Movement
  3. Behaviour
102
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Building of synapses between nerve cells

103
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

104
Q

Ectoderm (2)

A
  1. Outermost germ layer of an embryo
  2. Develops into CNS and other structures
105
Q

Neural plate (2)

A
  1. Thickening of endoderm cells
  2. Will become brain
106
Q

Neural tube (2)

A
  1. Hollow structure in embryo
  2. Will become brain and spinal column
107
Q

What complex tasks is the cerebral cortex associated with? (5)

A
  1. Memory
  2. Language
  3. Thought
  4. Integration of movement
  5. Integration of senses
108
Q

When does the cerebral cortex start to develop, and what does this mean?

A

–About 9 weeks
–Mvmts before then reflexive

109
Q

What happens to the cerebral cortex at around 6 months?

A

–Differentiation of frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes
2. Inhibition
3. Reorganization

110
Q

What is inhibition?

A

Brain can modify movement, not just cause it -> more refined

111
Q

What is myelination? (4)

A
  1. Fatty insulator around nerve fibres
  2. Prevents leakage of messages
  3. Faster & more efficient
  4. Starts in 6 months post-conception and continues into adulthood
112
Q

What can the foetus do around 24 weeks? (3)

A
  1. Learning
  2. Respond to environment
  3. Habituation
113
Q

What does a foetus do around 34 weeks?

A
  1. Behaviour more organised
  2. Rest and activity
  3. Quiet sleep and active sleep
114
Q

What does a foetus do around 38 weeks and what is it affected by? (2+1)

A
  1. More inhibitory pathways -> less movement/active sleep
  2. Peak of activity when mother asleep, lull in early morning
  3. Affected by environmental factors
115
Q

What reflexes can foetuses do in response to touch? (5)

A
  1. Move when lips touched
  2. Grasp
  3. Curl toes
  4. Move toward touch on face
  5. Touch own body and cord
116
Q

Chemosensory system

A

Taste and smell

117
Q

Give 3 examples of types of molecules that can get into amniotic fluid and fetal blood

A
  1. Perfume
  2. Cigarette smoke
  3. Diet
118
Q

What shows foetuses prefer sweet substances over bitter ones?

A

Fetus will swallow amniotic fluid more frequently if it contains sweet substances

119
Q

What neonate studies show babies prefer smells they’ve encountered in the womb?

A

Turn head in direction of odorant’s that were present in the mother’s diet

120
Q

What do foetuses do if exposed to alcohol in the womb?

A

Swallow more :(

121
Q

Vestibular system

A

Balance and orientation

122
Q

What’s one possible explanation for why rocking babies sends them to sleep?

A

Simulates movement of mother, and foetus would usually move less when mother active

123
Q

What are 3 potential effects of rocking incubators?

A

–Weight gain
–Visual responsiveness
–Language development

124
Q

What is vision like for foetuses?

A

Not much
No light-dark contrast
No edges

125
Q

How does the visual system develop in the womb? (3)

A
  1. Optic nerve
  2. Optic nerve “crosses”–lets visual info be integrated
  3. 6 stripes–that deal with different types of visual info–appear
126
Q

How is the visual cortex organised?

A

Like a map of each retina!!!

127
Q

What do the brain areas around the visual cortex do?

A

Interpret sensory information

128
Q

What is auditory stimulation like for a foetus? (4)

A

–Respond between 26-27 weeks
–Bass
–Loudness
–Mother’s voice

129
Q

What shows that 35 weeks marks an important advance in learning activity? (2)

A

–Foetuses habituate and dishabituate to low-intensity auditory stimulation at this age

–Habituation variable before that age and no dishabituation

130
Q

How have we studied whether prenates prefer their mother’s voice? (4)

A
  1. Move more when mother speaking vs a stranger 2 hours after birth
  2. Infants sucked to play recording of mother’s voice more than unfamiliar voice
  3. Brain activity
  4. Preterm don’t show as much preference
131
Q

What shows neonates have language preferences? (3)

A
  1. Can tell difference between mother’s language and others 3 days after birth
  2. 2 day olds have shown preference for mother’s language over foreign language
  3. Told story in womb -> as neonate, sucked to hear it more than new story
132
Q

What aspects of speech can neonates tell apart?

A
  1. Rhythm
  2. Vowel sounds
133
Q

What % of congenital defects are accounted for by genes alone?

A

10-15%

134
Q

What % of congenital defects are accounted for by environment alone?

A

10%

135
Q

What % of congenital defects are accounted for by by gene x environment interactions?

A

75-80%

136
Q

DNA methylation

A

Addition of methyl groups to DNA from ageing father’s sperm

137
Q

Effects of fetal alcohol syndrome (3)

A
  1. Physical
  2. Cognitive
  3. Behavioural
138
Q

Effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on fetus (5)

A
  1. Weigh less
  2. Perinatal complications
  3. Attention
  4. Visuoperceptual processing
  5. Speech processing
139
Q

Developmental programming

A

Hypothesis that prenatal conditions have detrimental effects on health in adulthood

140
Q

What effects does maternal stress have on the foetus? (3)

A
  1. Low levels cause maturation of: information processing, mental and motor
  2. But high levels may not have the same impact
  3. May exacerbate other factors.
141
Q

Give examples of continuity between before and after birth.

A
  1. Reflexes
  2. Low HR -> less crying
  3. Fetal body movements linked to crying
  4. Higher & less predictable fetal mvmt -> more fussiness

Human Development (2 decks)

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