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Dev Psych > prenatal dev and birth > Flashcards

prenatal dev and birth Flashcards

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1
Q

stages of prenatal development

A

germinal, embryonic, fetal

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2
Q

germinal stage

A

fertilization - 2 weeks

zygote divides and forms blastocyst that travels to fallopian tubes and implants in uterus, pregnancy detectable in mother’s urine

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3
Q

what happens to cells during germinal stage

A

methodical cell division and cell specialization begins

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4
Q

ectopic pregnancies

A
  • egg implanted outside of uterus, often in fallopian tube
  • embryo cannot survive and will cause pain and possible burst
  • treated with medication or laparoscopic surgery
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5
Q

embryonic stage

A

3-8 weeks
- embryo attached to uterus
- major organ and basic anatomy development

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6
Q

during 3-4th week of embryonic stage

A

layers form: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
- 1/4 inch long

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7
Q

organs/anatomy that develop during embryonic stage

A

neural tubes, neurons, heart (beats), ribs, muscles, GI tract, liver, pancreas etc

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8
Q

wks 5-8 of embryonic stage

A
  • limbs, extremities
  • umbilical cord/ placenta fully functional
  • sex differentiation (week 7/8)
  • 1 inch long, head 50% of body
  • still gill/tail structure
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9
Q

fetal stage

A

9 wks - birth
- fetus
- 20x increase in length
- increase from 4oz (8 wks) to 7 lbs (birth)

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10
Q

first tri

A

up to wk 12
- rapid development
- heartbeat audible
- brain development
- genital formation
- 3 months, 3 oz, 3 in

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11
Q

second tri

A
  • 13-24 wks
  • movement felt by mother (16-20 wks)
  • fetus responds to sound
  • vernix and languo develop
  • 14 inch, 2 lbs @ end
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12
Q

age of viability

A

babies born prior to 22 weeks
- don’t have respiratory system to survive
- 5% of all fetuses aborted spontaneously before 22 weeks

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13
Q

third tri

A

25-40 wks
- lungs fully develop
- 2/3 birth weight gained
- brain development accelerates
- sleep-wake cycle resembles newborn

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14
Q

avg newborn size

A

7.5 lbs, 20 inches

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15
Q

cephalocaudal

A

head to tail growth, head first then extremities

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16
Q

proximodistal

A

near to far, growth from center of body to extremities

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17
Q

vision development

A

24 weeks, fetus can see dim light through abdomen, helps set sleep schedule

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18
Q

touch and pain development

A

develops early in embryonic period, 20 wks fetus moves when abdomen touched

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19
Q

hearing development

A

sound level = 90 decibels, 25 wks fetus reacts to loud sounds, can recognize sounds

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20
Q

smell and taste

A

26 wks fetus can smell and taste through amniotic fluid

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21
Q

threats to development

A

nutrition, teratogens, mother’s emotional state/environment

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22
Q

teratogens

A

env. agent that produces developmental deviation or termination of pregnancy

23
Q

critical periods

A

organs most vulnerable during embryonic stage but each have different critical periods

24
Q

dose response principle

A

higher-dose = more severe damage

25
Q

teratogen examples

A

x-rays, pesticides, viruses, caffeine, drug use, OTC meds, alcohol

26
Q

alcohol during pregnancy

A

~80% drink @ some point in pregnancy
- > 3 drinks/day associated w/miscarriage and birt defects

27
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

affects facial features, 1/750 infants and up to 6% born to alcoholic mothers

28
Q

Fetal alcohol effects

A

FAE, even if mothers consume small amounts of alcohol

29
Q

immediate effects of alcohol

A
  • LBW
  • premature birth
  • microcephaly/ face morphology
  • joint defects
  • heart defects
  • CNS dysfunction
  • irritable
30
Q

long term effects of alcohol

A
  • mental retardation
  • learning disabilities
  • hyperactivity
  • seizure disorders
  • greater risk for alcohol related problems during adulthood
31
Q

smoking during pregnancy, teratogenic responses

A

reduces O2 and increases CO in mother’s blood
- increases miscarriage
- LBW, premature birth
- SIDS
- heart problems, breathing difficulty

32
Q

smoking during pregnancy sleeper effects

A

LDs or mental retardation
- ADHD, hyperactivity, behavior disorders
- respiratory problems
- obesity, shorter stature
- substance abuse

33
Q

teratogen principles

A
  1. timing is important
  2. dosage matters
  3. individual variations
  4. both parents’ health matters
  5. teratogens interact in unexpected ways
  6. some drugs important for mothers health but effect is unknown
34
Q

innate vulnerability to teratogens

A

some zygotes carry genes that make them vulnerable, generally male fetuses more vulnerable

35
Q

maternal prenatal influence factors

A

diet/exercise -> vitamins, low-impact regular exercise, maternal obesity, malnutrition
- increased risk w/older and younger age
- prenatal support
- maternal stress -> slower growth rate, LBW, temperamental difficulties
- health

36
Q

father prenatal influence

A

less research
- substance use
- second-hand smoke
- father’s treatment of mother

37
Q

labor process begins

A

contractions, release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (oxytocin)

38
Q

possible hazards during labor

A

anoxia - lack of oxygen, can occur slowing fetal heart rate, if too long = brain damage, risk for cerebral palsy

39
Q

medications during labor

A

pitocin - can speed up labor and contractions
epidural - pain relief, injection/lube in lower block, longer labor chances

40
Q

apgar scale

A

assessment of newborn’s heart rate, done twice (1 min and five min after birth)
- score of 0-2 in each score, desired score = 7+

41
Q

pre-term infants

A

born before 37 weeks, after week 25 survival rate of 50%

42
Q

low birth-weight infants

A

less then 5.5 lbs, increased vulnerability to infection risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
–> approx 8% in US, 20% worldwide

43
Q

very LBW infants

A

less then 1250 g (2.25 lbs) OR < 30 weeks
- 1.4% all live births US

44
Q

small for gestational age infants

A
  • weight <90% of average weight of infants of same gestational age
45
Q

compared to normal BW, LBW at risk for:

A
  • physical health difficulties
  • respiratory difficulties
  • eye disorders
  • cerebral palsy, seizure disorders, neurological difficulties
  • cognitive challenges
  • behavior problems/social skill deficit
  • abuse
46
Q

causes of LBW

A

teratogens, air pollution, multiple births

  • mother’s behavior
  • father’s behavior
47
Q

outcomes for LBW infants

A

postnatal env. can effect outcomes
- maternal support, responsive and stimulating care
- more problems for economically disadvantaged
- medical costs 3-20x higher

  • many end up with minimal problems, by 18-22 months, 16% of VLBW infants unimpaired and only 22% mildly impaired
48
Q

immigrant paradox

A

recent immigrants (more likely to have SES/education) have babies healthier/heavier babies than US counterparts

49
Q

Cesarean (c-section) delivery

A

baby surgically removed uterus

50
Q

c section occurs most

A

fetal distress, breech, transverse (cross-wise), baby too large, previous c-section, older mothers

51
Q

c-section = controversial why?

A

requires anesthesia, longer recovery, greater risk for maternal infection, no difference in quality of mother-child interactions after 1 year

52
Q

infant mortality rates

A

death before age 1
- declined since 1960s but US rates still high
- african americans with highest, lowest among asians

53
Q

newborn reflexes

A
  1. maintaining O2 - breathing, hiccupping, sneezing
  2. maintaining constant body temp - crying, sivering, tucking legs to body, pushing
  3. managing feeding - sucking, rooting, swallowing
54
Q

reflexes not necessary for survival but signify state of brain and body functions

A

babinski, stepping, palmar grasping, moro

Dev Psych (8 decks)

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