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systematics > PRELIMS MOD 1 & 2 > Flashcards

PRELIMS MOD 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Attributes or features of
organisms

A

Character

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2
Q

Similarity due to descent from a
common ancestor

A

Homologous Character

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3
Q

Similar-appearing structure
evolved in entirely unrelated
groups

A

Convergent Character

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4
Q

various conditions of
homologous character ex. fins
of fish, arms of humans, forelegs
horses

A

Character state

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5
Q

Direction of change…Ancestral
and derived…is relative

A

Character Polarity

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6
Q

Key rules of Cladistics taxonomy

A

Only shared derived homologous characters determine phylogeny : synapomorphies
All species in a grouping must share a recent common ancestor
All species derived from a common ancestor as well as
that ancestor must be included in the taxon
* All species must be in monophyletic taxa
(true reflection of evolutionary history)

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7
Q

Homologous characters are shared characters that result from common ancestry.

A

Homology

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8
Q

shared characters that are not a result
of common ancestry, but of independent evolution of similar characters (they are not homologous). Can result from convergent evolution.

A

Homoplasy

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9
Q

occurs when natural
selection, working under
similar environmental
pressures, produces similar
(analogous) adaptations in
organisms from different

A

Convergent Evolution

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10
Q

When trying to determine evolutionary
relationships, we
only want to consider homologous
characters. Homoplasies can create errors.

A

Phylogeny

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11
Q

refers to the ancestral
character state

A

Plesiomorphy

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12
Q

a character state different
than the ancestral state, or DERIVED STATE

A

Apomorphy

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13
Q

a derived character state (apomorphy) that is SHARED by two or more taxa due to inheritance from a common ancestor these character states are phylogenetically informative using the parsimony or cladistic criterion

A

Synapomorphy

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14
Q

Uniquely derived character state

A

Autamorphy

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15
Q

(which version of the trait is ancestral) is
determined by using outgroup comparison.

A

Polarity

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16
Q

is closely related, but not part of the
group being examined (the ingroup).

A

Outgroup

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17
Q

An ancestral character is one that is found in both the study group and the outgroup. Derived character groups are those found in the study
groups but not the outgroups.

A

Polarity

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18
Q

a taxonomic grouping of species that evolved from a single ancestor and includes all descendants of that ancestor

A

Monophyletic

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19
Q

taxon is composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. groups are formed when two lineages convergently evolve similar character states.
Organisms classified into the same polyphyletic group share phenetic homoplasies as opposed to homologies.

A

Polyphyletic

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20
Q

taxon is composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. an incorrect grouping of species sharing an immediate ancestor but not including all descendants of that ancestor.

A

Paraphyletic

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21
Q

Independent evolution of same feature from same ancestral condition

A

Parallel Evolution

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22
Q

Independent evolution of same feature from different ancestral condition

A

Convergent Evolution

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23
Q

Reversion to ancestral condition

A

Secondary Loss

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24
Q

“We can eat these plants, but not these.”

A

Edibility

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25
Q

“These animals are sacred, these are evil.”

A

Cultural Meaning

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26
Q

“These animals pull our plows, those we shear for wool.”

A

Utility

27
Q

study of evolutionary relationships among
organisms, both extant and extinct.

A

Systematics

28
Q

study of the evolution of biological diversity

A

Systematics

29
Q

identifying, naming, describing classifying

A

Taxonomy

30
Q

Two part name (genus, species)

A

Binomial Nomenclature

31
Q

Seven Taxonomic Categories

A

Hierarchical Classification

32
Q

includes determination of an unknown specimen, and then assigning it a correct name and rank in an established system of classification.

A

Identification

33
Q

Ways to identify unknown species

A
  1. sending the specimen to a subject expert in the relevant field or by visiting herbarium and comparing the specimen with already identified specimen that are present in the herbarium.
  2. By use of already published literature of an area having description of similar kind of plants such as Floras, Revisions, Monographs and Manuals.
  3. Use of virtual herbarium/database/website
34
Q

involves listing its features by recording its
character state. diagnostic features are recorded which separates the taxa from others. diagnostic features determine the circumscription.

A

Description

35
Q

determination of the correct name of a taxon Binomial nomenclature

A

Nomenclature

36
Q

Who made Binomial Nomenclature

A

Carolus Von Linnaeus

37
Q

Two-word naming system

A

Genus
* Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized
Species
* Descriptive, Lower Case,
Underlined or Italicized

38
Q

Taxonomic Categories

A

King Philip Came Over For Green Soup

39
Q

a group organisms considered by taxonomists
to form a related unit.

A

Taxon

40
Q

assembled on the basis of recency of descent from common ancestor.

A

Taxa

41
Q

is the application of names to
organisms recognized as part of a particular taxon.

A

Biological Nomenclature

42
Q

Taxa are organized in a —– of
taxonomic ranks, from largest (most inclusive) to
smallest (least inclusive).

A

Nested hierarchy

43
Q

Three aspects of taxon

A

Name, order, content

44
Q

Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity and combines data from the following areas.

A

Fossil record
Comparative homologies
Cladistics
Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms
Molecular clocks

45
Q

accumulation of all fossils found within layers of
sedimentary rock and helps to reconstruct a geological time scale. Fossils are the remnants or impressions of organisms that lived in the past.

A

Fossil Record

46
Q

similarities among species attributed to the
inheritance of a feature from a common ancestor. homologous vs homoplasious

A

Homologies

47
Q

A correspondence of structures in two life forms with a common evolutionary origin, such as flippers and hands.

A

Homology

48
Q

The relationship between characteristics that are apparently similar but did not develop from the same structure

A

Analogy

49
Q

A correspondence between the parts or organs of different species acquired as the result of parallel evolution or convergence.

A

Homoplasy

50
Q

Homologous sequences are considered paralogous if they were separated by a gene duplication event; if a gene in an organism is duplicated to occupy two different positions in the same genome, then the two copies are

A

Paralogous

51
Q

typically have the same or similar function, but sometimes do not. It is considered that due to lack of the original selective pressure upon
one copy of the duplicated gene, this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions.

A

Paralogs

52
Q

physically similar structures between two taxa that evolved separately (rather than being present in the last common ancestor).

A

Analogous Structure

53
Q

is based on the idea that members of a group share a common evolutionary history and are more closely related to members within their group than to other organisms.

A

Cladistics

54
Q

groups are recognized as sharing unique, derived features not present in distant ancestors.

A

Cladistics

55
Q

branching diagram that illustrates hypothesized relationships based on shared, derived characteristics.

A

Cladogram

56
Q

studies compare sequences of macromolecules
(proteins and nucleic acids) among species, assuming that these macromolecules evolve at constant rates throughout time, and for different lineages.

A

Molecular Clocks

57
Q

He proclaimed that “our classifications will come to be, as far as they can be so made, genealogies”.

A

Charles Darwin

58
Q

Evolution on a scale of separated gene pools
[2] can result in the speciation or emergence of new species

A

Macroevolution

59
Q

Change that occurs at or above the level of species

A

Microevolution

60
Q

2 major categories of evolutionary change

A

Anagenesis and Cladogenesis

61
Q

Three domain system

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

62
Q

Six kingdom system

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

63
Q

Traditional 5 kingdom system

A

Monera, Animalia, Planta, Fungi, Protista

64
Q
A

systematics (1 decks)

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