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BIO119 Developmental and Reproductive Biology > Prelims Exam > Flashcards

Prelims Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is considered the first embryologist?

A

Aristotle

He noted the formation of major organs by opening a 3-week incubated chick egg.

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2
Q

What is developmental biology?

A

The study of embryonic and other developmental processes starting from a zygote.

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3
Q

Define embryogenesis.

A

The process of a fertilized egg becoming an embryo.

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4
Q

What occurs during fertilization?

A

Fusion of the gametes’ nuclei gives genome to the embryo.

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5
Q

What is cleavage in embryonic development?

A

Zygote cytoplasm divides into blastomeres, forming a blastula.

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6
Q

What do inner and outer cells form during cleavage?

A
  • Inner cell: Different cell types
  • Outer cell: Contributes to placenta and nourishes the embryo.
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7
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The process where the embryo differentiates into germ cells: mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm.

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8
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

The process where cells interact and rearrange to produce tissues and organs.

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9
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The process of setting aside gametes for reproduction.

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10
Q

What does comparative embryology study?

A

How anatomy changes during development.

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11
Q

What is evolutionary embryology?

A

The study of how developmental changes drive evolutionary shifts.

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12
Q

What is tetralogy in the context of embryology?

A

The study of birth defects.

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13
Q

Differentiate between epigenesis and preformation.

A
  • Epigenesis: Organs form from scratch
  • Preformation: Organs are already present in miniature form.
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14
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A
  • Ectoderm: Produces skin, brain, and nervous system
  • Mesoderm: Generates blood, heart, kidney, and muscles
  • Endoderm: Produces digestive tube epithelium.
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15
Q

What are Karl Ernst von Baer’s principles?

A
  • General features develop before specialized features
  • A species’ embryo diverges from adult stages of lower animals.
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16
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

The process through which cells, tissues, and organs acquire shape.

17
Q

What are the two types of cells in the embryo?

A
  • Epithelial: Tightly connected
  • Mesenchymal: Unconnected, independent.
18
Q

What are fate maps used for?

A

To identify which parts of the embryo become larval or adult structures.

19
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Organs from the same ancestry, e.g., wing of a bat and forelimb of a human.

20
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Same function but different ancestry, e.g., bird wing and butterfly wing.

21
Q

What is differential gene expression?

A

The process where different genes are activated in a cell, defining its function.

22
Q

Define stem cells.

A

Undifferentiated cells that can become any cell type depending on gene activation.

23
Q

What are exons and introns?

A
  • Exons: Coding regions of DNA or RNA
  • Introns: Noncoding regions removed before mRNA translation.
24
Q

What is the role of the TATA box?

A

A region within the promoter where RNA polymerase attaches to initiate transcription.

25
Q

What is the function of transcription factors?

A

To stabilize RNA polymerase and assist in initiating transcription.

26
Q

What are operators in gene regulation?

A

Portions of DNA where active repressors bind to prevent transcription.

27
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

The process that allows different mRNA isoforms to be produced from the same gene.

28
Q

What is RNA interference (RNAi)?

A

A process where miRNA or siRNA directs mRNA degradation, reducing translation.

29
Q

What defines germ line mutations?

A

Mutations that occur in sex cells and can be passed to the next generation.

30
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

A change in a single DNA nucleotide that may alter a specific amino acid in a protein.

31
Q

What is cancer development associated with?

A

A series of accumulating mutations, including loss of tumor suppressor genes.

32
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The rules by which the sequence of bases in DNA or mRNA translates into an amino acid sequence.

33
Q

What are stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA; they signal the end of translation.

34
Q

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

A

To carry specific amino acids to the ribosome and interpret the genetic code.

35
Q

What are the stages of translation?

A
  • Initiation
  • Elongation
  • Termination.
36
Q

What is post-translational control?

A

Modifications required for proteins to become functional after synthesis.

BIO119 Developmental and Reproductive Biology (1 decks)

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