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Experimental Psychology > Prelims > Flashcards

Prelims Flashcards

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1
Q

Father of experimental psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

When: first psych lab

A

1879

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3
Q

4 goals of psychology?

A

describe, explain, predict, control behaviour

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4
Q

Characteristics of Modern Science: thinking objectively

A

Scientific Mentality

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5
Q

Characteristics of Modern Science: gather data systematically

A

gathering empirical data

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6
Q

Characteristics of Modern Science: should be backed up by a theory

A

seeking general principles

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7
Q

Characteristics of Modern Science: avoids biases; being open to new ideas

A

good thinking

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8
Q

Characteristics of Modern Science: accept uncertainty of their own conclusions; accept new discoveries

A

self-correlation

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9
Q

Characteristics of Modern Science: scientists meet frequently through professional and special interest groups and attend professional conferences to exchange info abt their work

A

publicizing results

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10
Q

Characteristics of Modern Science: should be able to repeat our procedure & have/get same results

A

replication

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11
Q

Objectives of Psychological Science: a systematic unbiased account of the observed characteristics of behaviour

A

Description

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12
Q

Objectives of Psychological Science: refers to the capacity for knowing in advance when certain behaviours would be expected to occur

A

Prediction

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13
Q

Objectives of Psychological Science: Understand what causes it to occur

A

Explanation

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14
Q

Objectives of Psychological Science: Application of what has been learned about behaviour

A

Control

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15
Q

Scientific Method, Tools of Psychological Science: systematic noting and recording of events

A

Observation

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16
Q

Scientific Method, Tools of Psychological Science: assignment of numerical values to objects/events/their characteristics accdg to conventional rules

A

measurement

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17
Q

Scientific Method, Tools of Psychological Science: manipulate variables; process undertaken to test a hypothesis that particular events will occur reliably in certain, specifiable situations

A

experimentation

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18
Q

degree to which a research design allows us to make causal statements

A

internal validity

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19
Q

generalizablity or applicability to people and situations outside the research setting

A

external validity

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20
Q

often preferred bc they may have external validity, their generalizability to the real world be more apparent

A

nonexperimental design

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21
Q

used to study behaviours in natural settings to explore unique or rare occurances or to sample personal info

A

nonexperimental methods

22
Q

description of on’es immediate experiences; we begin with personal experience as a source of data

A

phenomenology

23
Q

no manipulated & data may consist of any immediate experience; no constraints are imposed

A

antecedent

24
Q

an observation that eventually led to our understanding of the spectral sensitivity of the rods and cones of the eye

A

The Purkinje Phenomenon

25
Q

He used the phenomenological approach. - dealt with basic psychological issues, including habits, emotions, consciousness, and the stream of thought.

A

William James

26
Q

Phenomenology _______ behavior but __________ behavior.

A

descibes; can’t explain

27
Q

Descriptive record of a single individual’s experiences or behaviours or both, kept by an outside observer

A

case study

28
Q

Nonexperimental approaches used in the field or in real-life settings

A

field study

29
Q

The researcher uses a prearranged strategy for recording observations in which each observation is recorded using specific rules or guidelines, so that observations are more objective

A

systematic observation

30
Q

Kind of field osbervation: Here the researcher actually becomes part of the group being studied.

A

Participant-Observer Studies

31
Q

Descriptive research method in which already existing records are reexamined for a new purpose
Causal inferences cannot be supported
Valuable information for further study on these important issues was gained (without the great expense of finding the kind of subjects) by accessing and reanalyzing information from existing data archives in a creative new way

A

Archival study

32
Q

Relies on words rather than numbers for the data being collected
Focuses on self-reports, personal narratives, and expression of ideas, memories, feelings and thoughts
Big-Q, candidate for a paradigm shift within psychology

A

Qualitative research

33
Q

Also called empirical phenomenology

Rely on the researcher’s own experiences or on experiential data provided by other sources

A

contemporary phenomenology

34
Q

useful way of obtaining information about people’s opinions, attitudes, preferences, and experiences simply by asking them.
allow us to gather data about experiences, feelings, thoughts, and motives that are hard to observe directly.

A

Survey research

35
Q

two most common survey techniques in psychology research.

A

written questionnaires & interviews

36
Q

1st step in constructing survey

A

map out research objectives

37
Q

2nd step in constructing survey

A

design survey items

38
Q

3 kinds of questions

A

closed, open-ended, double-barreled

39
Q

tendencies to respond to questions or test items in specific ways, regardless of the content

A

response styles

40
Q

apt to agree with a question regardless of its manifest content. , also called as ________

A

yea-sayers; response acquiescence

41
Q

tend to disagree no matter what they are asked. also called as ________

A

nay-sayers; response deviation

42
Q

the tendency of subjects to alter their responses if they are aware of the presence of an observer

A

reactivity

43
Q

probability sampling: – any member of the population has an equal opportunity to be selected, and the outcome of the sampling procedure cannot be predicted ahead of time by any known law. Random selection is also a common assumption of the statistical tests used most often to analyze data.

A

random selection

44
Q

PS: a portion of the whole population is selected in an unbiased way.
To obtain a simple random sample, all members of the population being studied must have an equal chance of being selected.

A

simple random sampling

45
Q

PS: In cases where all members of a population are known and can be listed in an unbiased way, a researcher may select every nth person from the population
The n is determined by the size of the population and the desired sample size

A

systematic random sampling

46
Q

PS: When the population is known to contain distinct subgroups, researchers often prefer another variation of probability sampling known as?

A

stratified random sampling

47
Q

PS: When the population of interest is very large; it is often too costly or impractical to randomly select subjects one by one
Researchers sample entire clusters, or naturally occurring groups, that exist within the population

A

cluster sampling

48
Q

Nonprobability sampling: Researchers select samples through predetermined quotas that are intended to reflect the makeup of the population.

A

quota sampling

49
Q

NPS: Obtained by using any groups who happen to be available.
This is consider a weak form of sampling because the researcher exercises no control over the representativeness of the sample

A

convenience sampling

50
Q

NPS: When nonrandom samples are selected because the individuals reflect a specific purpose of the study

A

purposive sampling

51
Q

NPS: Researcher locates one or few people who fit the sample criterion and asks these people to locate or lead them to additional individuals

A

snowball sampling

Experimental Psychology (1 decks)

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