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cytogenetics > prelims 25% > Flashcards

prelims 25% Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of genetics that is concerned with how
chromosomes behave

A

cytogenetics

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2
Q

● Provides information on the structures and
numbers of chromosomes
● Determine abnormalities in chromosomes and
associate them with diseases

A

cytogenetics

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3
Q

● A rare genetic disorder due to the partial loss
or deletion of chromosome 5
● French term - “cat cry

what syndrome is this

A

CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME

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4
Q

→ Found in the nucleus and mitochondria(Eukaryotic)
→ Encodes genetic makeup of most organisms
→ Central molecule of

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
DNA

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5
Q

→ Also called DNA synthesis
→ Process of duplicating DNA during cell division

A

dna replication

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6
Q

→ DNA replication that occurs in vitro (outside the cell)
→ May be made in the laboratory
→ Amplify specific gene of interest

A

polymerase chain reaction

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7
Q

→ Copies the entire genome (whole DNA or genetic makeup) of a cell from one end to another

A

cellular DNA REPLICATION

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8
Q

A process in which the Genetic information carried by DNA transcribed
into RNA

A

transcription

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9
Q

● Information carried by the transcribed RNA
(mRNA) is translated to protein
● Carries out work to sustain life

A

translation

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10
Q

DNA replication occurs during ?

A

cell division

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11
Q

DNA replication occurs during the _ phase of
the cell cycle

A

s phase

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12
Q

A replication model which produces 2 DNA helices
in which each strand
contains alternating segments of old and new
DNA

A

dispersive

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13
Q

Produces 2 DNA helices in which 1 helix contains
entirely new DNA

(kind of replication model)

A

conservative

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14
Q

A replication model which Produces 2 DNA helices
in which each helix contains 1 new strand
and 1 old strand

A

semi conservative

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15
Q

Consists of polymer of deoxyribonucleotides
units

A

dna structure

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16
Q

purine or pyrimidine covalently
bonded to a sugar molecule

A

nucleoside

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17
Q

Sugars are bonded to nitrogenous bases by
_________ bonds

A

glycosidic bondz

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18
Q

Complementary base pairing occurs by
_________ bonding

A

hydrogen bonding

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19
Q

→ Independent replication of each parental strand, so that the resulting DNA molecules each contain 1 parental strand and 1 newly synthesized daughter strand

A

dna replication is semiconservative

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20
Q

→ Replication in eukaryotes start at any point along the linear DNA double helix, which are called origin of replication

A

bidirectional

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21
Q

Short fragments are called

A

Okazaki fragments

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22
Q

→ Recognize RNA primer
→ Starts extending the primer by adding in DNTPs (deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

A

dna polymerase

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23
Q

this strand goes Away from the replication fork

A

lagging strand

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24
Q
  • For prokaryotes, elongation is performed by
A

dna polymerase III

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25
Q

Displacement of RNA primer is facilitated by this enzyme

A

FEN1 (Flat endonuclease 1)

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26
Q

→ Seals the nick between adjacent Okazaki fragments
* For prokaryotes, it is performed by DNA Pol I

A

dna ligase

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27
Q

→ Starts to cut DNA and unwind to relieve the tension produced by opening up the replication fork

A

topoisomerase II

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28
Q

it chews up RNA primers to get rid of them

A

RNAse

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29
Q

it facilitates formation of
phosphodiester between nucleotides (acts as a gap sealer between Okazaki fragments

A

dna ligase

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30
Q

This Occurs in the nucleus and consists of 3 stages:
➢ Initiation ➢ Elongation ➢ Termination

A

EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION

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31
Q

what stage of eukaryotic transcription is this:
RNA polymerase has to bind with DNA
at the promoter region -RNA polymerase needs help from
various enzymes to locate the promoter region

A

initiation

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32
Q

Directionality of RNA Polymerase

A

5’ to 3’

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33
Q

formation of hairpin loop is an example of

A

prokaryotes termination

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34
Q

→ 15% of total cellular RNA
carry amino acid to ribosomes, serve as adapters

A

tRNA

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35
Q

5% of total cellular RNA
Function: direct carrier of genetic information from genes to ribosomes for protein synthesis
Types: heterogenous in length, spectrum variable
Features: short lived

A

mRNA

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36
Q

RNA POL II AND III is located in??

A

nucleoplasm

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37
Q

→ Catalyzes synthesis of small RNA and small subunits of rRNA, small cytoplasmic RNAs

A

RNA POL III

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38
Q

located in the nucleus
→ Catalyze the synthesis of large subunits of rRNA

A

RNA POL I

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39
Q

synthesis of mRNA from DNA

A

transcription

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40
Q

synthesis of proteins from RNA

A

translation

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41
Q

Addition of _______________
→ Protects transcript from degradation → Helps transcript get recognized by the ribosome
→ Occurs in the nucleus

A

5’ guanosine cap

42
Q

Addition of ?
→ Modified Adenines → Occurs in the nucleus

A

poly A tail

43
Q

● Made of ribosomal RNA
● Large and small subunit
● Abundant in eukaryotic cells

A

ribosomes

44
Q

→ How do ribosomes recognize mRNA? (pro)

A

shine dalgarno sequence

45
Q

→ How do ribosomes recognize mRNA? eu

A

Kozak sequence

46
Q

_____ sequence
-More complex -Ribosome recognizes the 5’ guanosine
cap -First AUG is start codon

A

Kozak sequence

47
Q

Translation is terminated when the ribosome
encounters a ?

A

stop codon

48
Q

Gametes unite at random and irrespective of the other gene pairs involved. this is a Law of ?

A

law of independent assortment

49
Q

introduced a new theory of inheritance based on his experimental work with pea plants

A

Gregor Mendel

50
Q

Traits are always controlled by

A

single genes

51
Q

observable physical traits

A

phenotype

52
Q

different forms of genes (symbolized by
a letter) (uppercase - dominant; lowercase - recessive

A

alleles

53
Q

combination of alleles of all genes

A

genotype

54
Q

specific location of genes in
chromosomes

A

locus

55
Q

Crosses of parent organism that differ
only by 1 trait (one plant seed or seed characteristic)
-E.g: seed colors

A

monohybrid cross

56
Q

Allows calculation of frequency of the type of
offspring

A

punnett square

57
Q

Genes independently assort at a distance of __
cM (centimorgan) or more apart

A

50cM

58
Q

-Involves two characters: parents posses 2
different forms of each character -E.g: yellow, round x green, wrinkled peas -RRYY x rryy
-Homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive

A

dihybrid cross

59
Q

Law of __________:
● Alleles at the same locus on pairs of
chromosomes separate
● Each offspring has the same chance inheriting a
particular allele from a parent

A

segregation

60
Q

Law of _______________
● Every offspring has the same chance to inherit
any allele at any other locus
● Has a few exemptions

A

Law of Independent Assortment:

61
Q

Alternative traits, such as tall and short, are
determined by hereditary “factors.” These determinants are called

A

genes

62
Q

basic unit of the chromosome

A

nucleosome

63
Q

systematic visual representation of
a karyotype

A

karyogam

64
Q

thickened and deeply stained during Interphase, corresponds to regions with inactive genes

A

heterochromatin

65
Q

less densely stained and are usually invisible during cell division and Interphase, corresponds to regions with active genes

A

euchromatin

66
Q

telomere is positioned sa center,
chromosomes appear to be s shaped

A

metacentric

67
Q

centromere is positioned near
the middle, one chromosome arm is shorter than the other (obvious P and Q arms

A

submetacentric

68
Q

appears as chromosome with long
arm only, no short arm

A

telocentric

69
Q

A gene recessive in females will be expressed in
male offspring. True or False

A

tru

70
Q

one type of cell have several cell population that each expresses a specific characteristic

A

mosaicism

71
Q

split of daughter cells

A

mitosis

72
Q

division of cytoplasm &
formation of 2 daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

73
Q

the process by which
prokaryotic cells divide

A

binary fission

74
Q

Produces 2 daughter cells, identical to parent
cells

A

mitosis

75
Q

the sequence of events that
occur in a cell between its formation and its division into two daughter cells

A

cell cycle

76
Q

cell cycle is divided into two main phases

A

interphase and mitosis

77
Q

● The longest stage of the cell cycle
● Divided into three phases: G1, S, and G2
● During this stage, the cell grows and carries
out its normal functions

A

interphase

78
Q

● Chromatids condense becoming
chromosomes
● Centrioles separate and start moving to
opposite ends of the cell
● Spindle begins to form

what stage of cell cycle is this

A

early prophase

79
Q

● The nuclear membrane fragments and the
microtubules invade the nuclear area
● Centrioles have moved to the opposite lanes
● Sister chromatids are formed with a centromere

A

late prophase

80
Q

● The paired chromosome separate and move to
the opposite pole
● The spindle apparatus shortens and chromatids
are pulled apart
● Partial division of cytoplasm begins

A

anaphase

81
Q

● Spindle fiber disappear
● Chromosomes arrive at the opposite end of the
cell and begin to relax
● Centrioles are replicated
● Nuclear membrane reform and nucleoli
reappear

A

telophase

82
Q

● Occurs at the end of mitosis
● Daughter cells are genetically identical
● Cell turns to interphase
● Microtubules help organelles and cytoplasm
divide

A

cytokinesis

83
Q

what checkpoint decides whether or not the cell
will divide

A

g1 checkpoint

84
Q

what checkpoint determines if DNA has been
properly replicated

A

g2

85
Q

-Cyclin dependent kinases, phosphorylates
cellular proteins -regulatory proteins, levels cycle in the cell

A

protein kinase

86
Q

Triggers passage through different stages of cell
cycle -Phosphorylation

A

Cdk-cyclin complex

87
Q

programmed cell death
that is essential for normal development and functioning of multicellular organisms

A

apoptosis

88
Q

divides by mitosis
○ Produces two daughter cells or a stem
cell and a progenitor cell, which may be partially specialized
○ Progenitor cells do not have the
capacity of self-renewal

A

stem cell

89
Q

● Centrioles move to opposite ends
● Chromosome become visible
● Spindle apparatus form
● Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
● Substages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene,
diplotene and diakinesis

A

meiosis prophase I

90
Q

● Homologs align down at the center of the cell
● Homologous pair attaches to the spindle fiber at
an opposite pole
● This alignment results in temporary fusion of the
chromatids that results in crossing over that mixes parental traits

A

metaphase I

91
Q

● Spindle fibers contracts pulling the 2
homologous chromosomes of each bivalent toward the opposite poles of the cell
● Centromeres of each chromosome do not divide

A

anaphase I

92
Q

● Nuclear envelopes partially assemble around
chromosomes
● Spindle disappears
● Cytokinesis divides cells into two

A

telophase I

93
Q

● The spindle fiber attaches to the kinetochore of
each chromosome and aligns the chromosomes at the equatorial plate
● Half the number of chromosomes is because of
chromosome reduction in Meiosis I

A

metaphase II

94
Q

● Spindle fibers retract
● Centromeres divide and each of the 2 sister
chromatids is drawn to the opposite poles
● Chromatids are not identical unlike mitosis

A

anaphase II

95
Q

● Cleavage furrows appears
● Division of cytoplasm
● Formation of nuclear envelope
● Spindle fibers disappear
● Chromosome decondense

A

telophase II

96
Q

● Form four genetically different cells
● Each with half the number of original
chromosomes (haploid

A

cytokinesis II

97
Q

● Is the process of production of haploid sex cells
● Gametes have one-half the genetic material
(haploid chromosome number) from the germ cell of each parent

A

gametogenesis

98
Q

● Fusion of spermatozoa and ova at time of
fertilization results in a ________ with diploid genome

A

zygote

99
Q

The process of production of spermatozoa is
called

A

spermatogenesis

100
Q

the process of production of the oovum is

A

oogenesis

101
Q

In females, oogenesis (meiosis 1) starts at
__________ stage

A

embryonic

cytogenetics (3 decks)

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