PRELIMS Flashcards
17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
mnemonic: (No Zebras Gallop Quietly, Graceful Cats Always Dance In Red Silk, Running Cheetahs Leap Lightly Past Palm trees)
- No poverty.
- Zero hunger.
- Good health and well-being.
- Quality education.
- Gender equality.
- Clean water and sanitation.
- Affordable and clean energy.
- Decent work and economic growth.
- Industry, innovation and infrastructure.
- Reduced inequalities.
- Sustainable cities and communities
- Responsible consumption and production.
- Climate action
- Life below water.
- Life on land.
- Peace, justice and strong institutions.
- Partnerships for the goals.
He is a sociologist that differentiates societies into four levels of societies based on their level of technology, communication, and economy.
Gerhard Lenski
four levels of society based on their level of technology, communication, and economy:
(1) hunters and gatherers
(2) simple agricultural
(3) advanced agricultural
(4) industrial
a conflict theorist, and Elman Service, an integration theorist, who produced a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of social inequality and the role of the state.
Morton H. Fried
system of classification of society contains four categories:
• Hunter-gatherer bands, which are generally egalitarian (unrestricted/ free).
• Tribal societies, in which there are some limited instances of social rank and prestige.
• Chiefdoms, stratified structures led by chieftains.
• Civilizations, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.
- TYPES OF SOCIETY
Simplest form of human society. Generally consists of a small kinship group, often no larger than an extended family or small clan. They have very informal leadership; the older members of generally are looked to for guidance and advice, but there are none of the written laws and law enforcement like that seen in more complex societies. Customs are almost always transmitted orally. Formal social institutions are few or non-existent. Religion is generally based on family tradition, individual experience, or counsel from a shaman. They are distinguished from tribes in that tribes are generally larger, consisting of many families.
Band
- TYPE OF SOCIETY
A group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor. Even if actual lineage patterns are unknown, members nonetheless recognize a founding member or “apical ancestor.” As kinship based bonds can be merely symbolic in nature, some clans share a “stipulated” common ancestor, which is a symbol of their unity. When this ancestor is not human, this is referred to a totem. It can be most easily described as sub-groups of tribes and usually constitute groups of seven to ten thousand people.
Clan
- TYPE OF SOCIETY
Social division within a traditional society consisting of a group of interlinked families or communities sharing a common culture and dialect . Viewed historically or developmentally, consists of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states.
Tribe
- TYPE OF SOCIETY
Human population whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or lineage. Groups are also usually united by common cultural, behavioura, linguistic, or religious practices. In this sense, this group is also a cultural community. This term is preferred over tribe, as it overcame the negative connotations that the term tribe had acquired under colonialism.
Ethnic Group
- TYPE IF SOCIETY
Robert Carneiro: “An autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief” Any community led by an individual known as a chief. More complex than a tribe, and less complex than a state or a civilization.
Social Classes: Elite and Commoner
chiefdom
- TYPE OF SOCIETY
Political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. It usually includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make the rules that govern the people of the society in that territory, though its status often depends in part on being recognized by a number of other as having internal and external sovereignty over it. Max Weber’s influential definition, it is that organization that has a “monopoly on the legitimate use of
state bureaucracy, courts, and police. physical force within a given territory,”
State
Common terminology associated with sexuality includes:
• Heterosexual or straight: attracted to the opposite sex or gender.
• Gay: same-sex attraction and is most often used to in reference to men.
• Lesbian: women who are mostly attracted to other women, or people identifying as women.
• Bisexual: individuals who are attracted to both sexes and genders.
extra: Pansexual or pan: attraction to people regardless of their gender.
• Asexual: individuals who do not or have not yet experienced sexual attraction to anyone.
different biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, hormones, etc.
Sex
refers to the socially constructed characteristics of women and men a such as norms, roles and relationships of and between groups of women and men
Gender
Describe patterns of emotional, romantic and sexual attraction to people.
Sexual Orientation
Forms of Sexual Orientations:
• Homosexual - attracted to those of the same sex/gender.
• Heterosexual - attracted to those of the opposite sex/gender.
• Bisexual - attracted to individuals of more than one gender.
• Pansexual - attracted to anyone regardless of their biological sex and gender identity.
• Asexual - not physically and sexual attracted to anyone but has the same emotional needs as everybody
external manifestation of person’s gender identity, expressed through one’s name, pronouns, clothing, voice, and body characteristics.
Gender Expression
Term for people who does not clearly show either masculine or feminine characteristics is called?
Androgynous/ Gender Neutral
4 Gender Expressions:
• Masculine - characteristics which are traditionally associated with a man.
• Feminine- characteristics which are traditionally associated with a woman.
• Gender Neutral - characteristic differ from those which are traditionally associated with a man or a woman.
• Androgynous - characteristics are combination of those traditionally associated with a man or a woman.
