prelims ^^ Flashcards
What is pharmacology?
Study of drugs, their effects, and their uses in medical applications.
How is pharmacology relevant to imaging technology?
Ensures safe administration of contrast agents and helps understand drug interactions and patient safety.
What are the two main branches of pharmacology?
- Pharmacokinetics: Study of how drugs move in the body.
- Pharmacodynamics: Study of how drugs affect the body.
What defines pharmacokinetics?
The ‘journey’ of a drug through the body.
List the four processes involved in pharmacokinetics.
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
What is the primary organ involved in drug metabolism?
Liver
What is the significance of IV contrast agents?
Bypass absorption and directly enter circulation for immediate effect.
What is pharmacodynamics?
How drugs ‘work’ in the body.
Define receptors in pharmacodynamics.
Proteins that drugs bind to in order to trigger effects.
What is the difference between agonists and antagonists?
- Agonists activate receptors (e.g., epinephrine increases heart rate).
- Antagonists block receptors (e.g., naloxone reverses opioid overdose).
What does the dose-response relationship describe?
Higher doses increase drug effects but also risks.
Name a class of drugs that reduces pain.
Analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen).
What is the fastest route of drug administration?
Intravenous (IV)
What is the basic formula for drug dosage calculations?
Dose = (Desired Dose/Available Dose) x Volume.
What should be documented during drug administration?
- Patient name
- Drug name, dosage, and route
- Time of administration
- Any adverse reactions
What is a prescription?
Written orders of the physician to the pharmacist for a certain drug or combination of drugs.
What are the components of a prescription?
- Patient’s Name, Date of Birth
- Drug Name, Strength, Dosage, Route
- Quantity & Refills
- Physician’s Signature
What does the superscription ‘Rx’ signify?
A universal prescription symbol.
What is included in the inscription of a prescription?
Names and amount of remedial agents and appropriate vehicles.
What is the purpose of the subscription in a prescription?
Physician’s direction to the pharmacist on the method of preparation.
What does ‘sig’ or ‘Signa’ mean in a prescription?
Directions to the patient or nurse for administration of the medication.
What is the Generics Act of 1988?
All medicines marketed in the Philippines must be re-labeled to conform with new requirements.
What are the specific labeling guidelines under the Generics Act?
- Generic name must be printed in the largest letters.
- Brand name must be displayed in a smaller size under the generic name.
What is the purpose of contrast media in diagnostic imaging?
Enhances visibility of structures in X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound.
List types of contrast media.
- Iodinated (CT, X-ray): Ionic vs. Non-ionic
- Gadolinium-Based (MRI)
- Microbubble Contrast (Ultrasound)
What are common reactions to contrast media?
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Warm sensation
What severe reactions can occur with contrast media?
- Anaphylaxis
- Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN)
What should be considered for a patient with a history of contrast allergies needing a CT scan?
- Use a non-ionic contrast agent.
- Premedicate with antihistamines if required.
- Have emergency drugs ready.
What is venipuncture?
Inserting a needle into a vein for blood collection, IV therapy, or contrast administration.
Which vein is the most preferred site for venipuncture?
Median Cubital Vein
What is the recommended needle gauge for general venipuncture?
21G-23G
What are essential supplies for venipuncture?
- Needles
- Butterfly Needles
- Tourniquet
- Antiseptic Solutions
- Collection Tubes
What is an important infection control measure during venipuncture?
Hand hygiene before and after procedures.
True or False: It is acceptable to re-touch the disinfected puncture site.
False
