PRELIMS Flashcards
1
Q
earliest calculating tool
A
Abacus
2
Q
Built mechanical calculators using pegged wheels that could perform basic arithmetic functions.
A
Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz
3
Q
Designed an analytical engine that performed general calculations automatically
A
Charles Babbage (1842)
4
Q
Designed a tabulating machine to record census data.
A
Herman Hollerith (1890)
5
Q
Explain Herman Hollerith’s tabulating machine
A
The tabulating machine stored information as holes in score cards that were interpreted by machines with electrical sensors.
6
Q
Built the first electronic computer.
A
John Atansoff and Clifford Berry (1939)
7
Q
When was the first fully operational working computer built?
A
December 1943
8
Q
What was the name of the first fully operational working computer?
A
Colossus
9
Q
What can colossus do?
A
Encrypt German Military Codes
10
Q
Harvard University (1944)
A
The first general purpose modern computer was built. It used an Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) and js very slow and prone to malfuncatuions.
11
Q
They built the first general purpose electric computer.
A
J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly (1946)
12
Q
Describe the first general purpose computer built by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
A
It made use of Electric Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It contained 18000 vacuum tubes and failed 1 in every 7 minutes.
13
Q
He developed the translator.
A
William Shockley (1948)
14
Q
Describe the translator developed by William Shockley.
A
It is an electronic switch that alternatively allows or does not allow electronic signals. It made the possibility of the development of stored program computer.
15
Q
They developed the UNIVAC
A
Eckert and Mauchly (1951)
16
Q
Describe the UNIVAC developed by Eckert and Mauchly.
A
The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) it the first commercially successful general purpose stored program electronic digital computer.
17
Q
1st Generation
A
(1938 - 1958)
Used vacuum tube devices
18
Q
2nd Generation
A
(1958)
Based on individually packed transistors
19
Q
3rd Generation
A
(1964)
Used integrated circuits which consist of many transistor and other electronic elements fused onto a chip
20
Q
4th Generation
A
(1975)
Extension of the 3rd generation and incorporated large scale integrated circuits
21
Q
Computer Language
A
Computer Language translate what the user input into a series of 1s and 0s. Different Number Systems.
22
Q
Binary System
A
The number system starts with 0 and 1
Converting Alphabetic characters, decimal values and logic function to binary values.
23
Q
Digital Image
A
made of discrete picture elements (pixel) arranged in a matrix. The size of the image is described by the power of two equivalents.
24
Q
Enumerate the image sizes
A
256 x 256
1024 x 1024
2048 x 2048
4096 x 4096
25
Smallest amount of measure in computer language
Bit
26
Bit
> A single binary digit such as 0 or 1
> To encode is to translate ordinary characters to computer compatible character - binary digits.
27
Bytes
> Bits that are grouped into bunches of eights
> Represents one character, digit or other value
28
1kb = ?
1024 bits
29
In radiology, departments have measured capacities measured in _ or _.
MB or GB
30
Word
It consists of 2 bytes depending on the configuration
31
System Software
Consist of programs that make it easy for the user to operate a computer to its best advantage.
General functions
32
Provide examples of system softwares
Macintosh, Windows, Apple, Microsoft
33
Application Programs
Programs that are written in higher level language expressly to carry out some user function.
Specific functions
34
Examples of Application Programs
Microsoft excel. Powerpoint, internet browser
35
Operating System
Series of instruction that organizes the course of data through the computer solution of a particular problem.
(Ex: Windows, Apple, Linux, Andorid)
36
Assembler
> A computer program that recognizes symbolic instructions such as SUB LD and PT and translates them into binary code.
> Assembly is the translation of a program written in symbolic machine oriented instructions into machine language.
37
Compilers and Interpreters
Computer programs from its high level language into a form that is suitable for the assembler or into a form that is accepted directly by a computer.
38
Components of the System Software
Operating System
Assembler
Compilers and Interpreters
39
2 types of Computer Programs
System Software and Application Programs
40
High level programming languages
allow the programmer to write instructions in a form that approaches human language.
41
Examples of high level programming language
FORTRAN, BASIC, QUICK BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, VISUAL C++, MACROS
42
Enumerate the 9 Computer Components
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. Memory
3. Random Access Memory
4. Read Only Memory
5. Storage
6. Output Devices
7. Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS)
8. Communication
9. Input Devices
43
Central Processing Unit
it is the primary element that allows the computer to manipulate data and carry out software data.
44
Processor
An electronic circuit that does the actual computation and the memory that supports this together
45
2 components under the CPU
Control Unit and Arithmetic Unit
46
Control Unit
It tells the computer how to carry out software instructions.
47
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Performs arithmetic and logical calculations and temporarily holds the result until they can be transferred to memory and controls the speed of these operations.
48
Memory
system that stores data and instructions for a computer to use.
49
Difference of memory and storage
Memory is more active while storage is more archival
50
Random Access Memory (RAM)
> A temporary storage space for data that applications can access quickly.
> Means that data can be stored or accessed at random from anywhere in main memory
> Manufactured with the use of complementary metal-oxide semiconductors and arranged in Single memory modules (SIMMS)
51
2 types of RAM
DRAM (Dynamic) and SRAM (Static)
52
DRAM
> More widely used
> Cheaper
53
SRAM
> Faster
> Retains memory even when power is lost
> More expensive
> Requires more space and power
54
Read Only Memory (ROM)
> Contains the instruction that tells the processor what to do when the system is turned on and the bootstrap program is initiated.
> Helps processor transfer information to other devices
55
3 types of ROM
PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
56
PROM (Programmable)
> A blank chip that a user can write programs to.
> Can input but cannot erase
57
EPROM (Erasable and Programmable)
Same as PROM but the contents can be erasable.
Can input and can erase data
58
EEPROM
(Electrically Erasable and Programmable)
> Can be reprogrammed with the use of special electronic devices.
> Used in servers
59
Storage
a technology consisting of computer components and recording media that are used to retain digital data.
60
Examples of Secondary Storage
CD
DVD
Blu-ray Disc
Hard Disc
Flash Drive
61
Output devices
Consists of devices that translate computer information into a form that humans can understand.
62
Most common output devices
Monitor or Display screen
CRT
Flat Panel Displays
Printers
1. Plain paper
2. Thermal
3. Film
63
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
> Provides a temporary source of replacement battery power if the main power supply is lost.
> They are connected in series between the socket and the workstation to allow enough time for the main power to be restored.
64
Communication
> Describes the transfer of data from a sender to a receiver across a distance. > The practice of teleradiography involves the transfer of medical image and patient data.
> Could be through electrocurrent, radiofrequency, or light
65
Input devices
It converts data in a form that the computer can use.
(Ex: Mouse, keyboards, foot pedals, microphones)
66
Health Information Technology
> It is the application of information technology to healthcare
> It refers to the electronic systems that healthcare professionals and sometimes patients use to store, share, and analyze health information
> Comprehensive management of information among patients, practitioners, government, quality entities and insurers.
67
Benefits in using HIT
1. Improve quality and effectiveness of healthcare
2. Promotes individual and public health increasing accuracy of diagnosis.
3. It reduces cost and medical errors while improving efficiency of both administrative and clinical process.
68
2 main categories of HIT
Medical Practice Management (MPM) and Electronic Health Record (EHR)
69
Medical Practice Management
> It helps manage different administrative and clinical aspect of a certain practice
> MPM softwares centralizes various system so that the organization can run things more efficiently.
> It is geared much more toward a healthcare facility clerical work
70
Electronic Health Records (EHR)
> Focuses on the documentation and storage of a patient's medical information
> To eliminate errors that came with manual cheating of patient data
> These system can alert the organization when patients are due to preventive procedures and screening
> Saves money to the organization by saving space and eliminates the risk of damaged or misplaced files.
> Geared toward patient treatment and documentation of medical charts.
71
6 Sub Categories of HIT
1. Patient Portal
2. Patient Scheduling
3. Medical Billing
4. ePrescribing
5. Remote Patient Monitoring
6. Master Patient Index
72
Patient Portal
> It allows users to view everything inside the electronic health record including patient history, treatment, and medication.
> A patient can also access their medical history, schedule appointments, message their doctor, view bills, and make payments online.
> It allows the patient to have more control when it comes to their overall health treatment.
73
74
Patient Scheduling
Reduces the health organization phone traffic
75
Medical Billing
> Medical billing handles the entire billing workflow process
> Handles insurance claim, insurance verification, payment processing and patient trafficking.
> Automatically scan claims and eliminating any CCI, HIPAA, or LCD errors.
76
ePrescribing
> A software to send prescription in pharmacies
> Fulfilment of prescription can be tracked and controlled substance prescriptions can be monitored more accurately.
> It also ensures that a prescription would never mix up caused by hard to decipher handwriting.
> Keep better track of patients' records and provide a more cost effective medication for your patient.
77
Remote Patient Monitoring
> Medical Sensors can send patient data from their home to healthcare professional at the facility
> Reduces costs that come with chronic care and hospital readmission while leading to better quality health care.
78
Master Patient Index
> Connects patient records with more than one database.
> Allows the facility’s different departments to all share data simultaneously
> This creates an index of all medical records for a specific patient making accessing patient data quick and painless
> Providing more accurate data, better security of patients information, reduces manual duplication of patients records resulting into few patient claim denials.
79
Feature of Healthcare Information Technology
The following systems are often integrated with practice management software to provide robust functions and better patient care.
80
In implementing HIT one must consider the following:
> Initial cost of implementing HIT can be too expensive of a turn-off for providers.
> Some of the problems are a bit technical
To choose and use HIT effectively, an organization must be diligent in researching both current and propose requirements.
81
Telemedicine
Delivery of healthcare services, where distance is a critical factor, by all healthcare professionals using information and communication technology for exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases and injuries, research and evaluation, and for continuing education of healthcare providers, all in the interests of advancing the health of individuals and their communities.
82
Who is the father of telemedicine?
Dr. jay Sanders, MD
> President and CEO of the Global telemedicine group
83
Where was the first setup of telemedicine?
Boston Logan Airport to Massachusetts General Hospital 1967
84
Aim of Telemedicine
To deliver specialized medical care and advice within reach of patient at distant places
85
Objectives of telemedicine
> To provide specialized medical advice
> To monitor patient condition
> To guide other medical staff about treatment procedure
> Share patient data among institutions for research purpose
86
Functions of telemedicine
> Video conferencing between patient and specialist doctors
> Video conferencing between different specialist and other healthcare professionals
> Monitoring patient vitals and statistics in ICU’s
> Security in data connection
> Transfer of Patient’s medical data among hospitals
> Storage of information
87
Types of telemedicine
1. Interactive telemedicine services
2. Specialist and primary care consultations
3. Store-and-forward telemedicine
4. Remote monitoring
5. Imaging Services
88
General Essential Equipment
1. Desktop PC
2. Digital Camera
3. LCD Monitor
4. Digital Microscope
5. ECG Machine
6. Scanner
89
Medical equipment for telemedicine
1. Tele-microscope
2. Tele-ECG Machine
3. Tele-stethoscope
4. X-ray Machine
90
IT equipment for telemedicine
1. X-ray Digitized Scanner
2. Photo Scanner
3. Color Printers
4. Switches/Hub
5. LED Displays
91
Softwares used in telemedicine
1. Sanjeevani
2. Mercury
3. OTRI
4. IDSP student
5. Telivital
92
Location for telenmedicine
Can be located at any non prime location away from the patient traffic near to the communication system satellite.
93
Staffing for telemedicine
1. Head of the Department
2. Consultant
3. Network Manager
4. Program Manager
5. Web developer
6. Telemedicine Technician
7. Telephone attendant’
94
benefits of telemedicine
> Window to expertise care
> Economic for hospital and patient
> Reduce the stress in patient and relatives
> Save travel time of specialist and patient
> Good for education and research purpose
95
telespecializations
Tele-Radiology
Tele-Pharmacy
Tele-Cardiology
Tele-Dentistry
Tele-Psychiatry
Tele-Pathology
96
future of telemedicine department
1. Robotics
2. Remote Surgery
3. Live Monitoring via cell phones
97
Value to the patient: Convenience and Accessibility
Remote Access: Patients can receive medical consultations from the comfort of their homes, which is particularly beneficial for those in rural or underserved areas.
Reduced Travel: Telemedicine eliminates the need for patients to travel long distances, saving time and reducing the stress associated with commuting.
98
Value to the patient: Timeliness and Efficiency
Faster Access to Care: Patients can often schedule appointments quicker than in-person visits.
Reduced Wait Times: Virtual visits can decrease the time patients spend waiting in clinics or hospitals.
99
Value to the patient: Cost Savings
Lower Expenses: Telemedicine can reduce costs related to travel, childcare, and time off work.
Affordable Care: Telehealth services can sometimes be more affordable than in-person visits.
100
Value to the patient: Patient Portal
Continuity of Care: Easier follow-ups and regular monitoring can lead to better management of chronic conditions.
Immediate Attention: Quick access to care for acute issues can prevent complications and improve recovery times.
101
Value to the Clinician: Flexibility
Work-life Balance: Clinicians can have more flexible schedules, potentially working from home or conducting consultations outside of regular office hours.
Expanded Reach: Ability to provide care to patients across wider geographical areas.
102
Value to the Clinician: Efficiency and Productivity
Streamlined Workflow: Telemedicine platforms often integrate with electronic health records (EHR), making documentation and follow-up more efficient.
Increased Appointment Capacity: Virtual visits can sometimes be shorter, allowing clinicians to see more patients in a day.
103
Value to the Clinician: Patient Management
Enhanced Communication: Video consultations can be more engaging than phone calls, improving patient-clinician interactions.
Education and Support: Clinicians can use telemedicine to provide education resources and support for self-management of conditions.
104
Value to the Health Organization: Operational Efficiency
Resource Optimization: Telemedicine can optimize the use of physical space, reducing the need for large waiting areas and exam rooms.
Staff Utilization: Healthcare organizations can better allocate staff resources, ensuring that in-person visits are reserved for those who truly need them.
105
Value to the Health Organization: Cost Savings
Reduced Overheads: Lower costs associated with maintaining large physical facilities.
Preventive Care: Improved access to preventive services can reduce the incidence of costly emergency visits and hospital admissions.
106
Value to the Health Organization: Patient Retention and Satisfaction
Enhanced Experience: Offering telemedicine can improve patient satisfaction by providing convenient, timely, and accessible care.
Competitive Advantage: Organizations that offer telemedicine services can attract and retain more patients, staying competitive in the healthcare market.
107
Value to the Health Organization: Data and Anaylitics
Improved Insights: Telemedicine platforms can provide valuable data on patient behavior, preferences, and outcomes, helping organizations improve their services and care delivery models.
Quality Improvement: Data gathered from telehealth interactions can be used to enhance clinical protocols and patient care strategies.
108
Technological Challenges: Infrastructure and Connectivity
Internet Access: Reliable high-speed internet is crucial for telemedicine. Rural or underserved areas may lack adequate connectivity, hindering access.
Equipment and Software: Both patients and providers need compatible devices and software, which can be a barrier if they lack the necessary technology or digital literacy.
109
Technological Challenges: technical Support
User Training: Patients and healthcare providers may require training to use telemedicine platforms effectively.
Technical Issues: Glitches, software updates, and hardware failures can disrupt telemedicine services.
110
Regulatory Challenges: Licensing and credentialing
State Regulation: In many regions, healthcare providers must be licensed in the state where the patient is located, complicating cross-state telemedicine services.
Credentialing: Hospitals and clinics must be credential providers for telemedicine, which can be a time-consuming process.
111
Regulatory Challenges: privacy and Security
Data Protection: Ensuring compliance with regulations like HIPAA in the US is essential to protect patient information.
Cybersecurity: Protecting against data breaches and cyberattacks is a significant concern.
112
Regulatory Challenges: Reimbursement Policies
Insurance Coverage: Varying policies on telehealth reimbursement by private insurers, Medicare, and Medicaid can create financial uncertainty.
Billing Practices: Developing appropriate billing procedures and codes for telemedicine services can be complex.
113
Financial Challenges: Initial Investment
Setup Costs: Implementing telemedicine requires investment in technology infrastructure, training, and possibly new personnel.
Ongoing Costs: Maintenance, software updates, and technical support add to the ongoing expenses.
114
Financial Challenges: reimbursement rates
Lower Reimbursements: Some insurers may reimburse telehealth visits at lower rates than in-person visits, impacting revenue.
Payment Models: Developing sustainable payment models that adequately compensate providers for telemedicine services is essential.
115
Clinical Challenges: Clinical Limitations
Physical Examinations: Certain diagnoses and treatment require physical examinations or procedures that cannot be performed remotely.
Specialty Services: Some specialties, such as surgery, are less suited to telemedicine and require in-person care.
116
Clinical Challenges: Quality of Care
Consistency: Ensuring the same quality of care through telemedicine as in-person visits is a priority.
Follow-up: Effective follow-up and coordination of care post-telemedicine visit can be challenging.
117
Patient-Related Challenges: Digital Literacy
Tech Savviness: Not all patients are comfortable using digital technology, which can limit their ability to participate in telemedicine.
Support Systems: Providing adequate support to help patients navigate telemedicine platforms is crucial.
118
Patient-Related Challenges: Access and equity
Socioeconomic Barriers: Patients from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may lack access to necessary technology or internet services.
Language and Cultural Barriers: Ensuring telemedicine services are accessible to non-English speakers and culturally sensitive is important for equitable care.
119
Patient-Related Challenges: Trust and acceptance
Patient Trust: Building patient trust in telemedicine requires clear communication about its benefits and limitations.
Perceived Value: Some patients may perceive telemedicine as inferior to in-person visits, affecting their willingness to use it.
120
Internet in telemedicine: Remote Consultations
Virtual Visits: The internet enables video consultations between patients and healthcare providers, allowing for remote diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care.
Specialist Access: Patients can access specialists regardless of geographic location, improving the availability of expert care.
121
Internet in telemedicine: Chronic Disease Management
Remote Monitoring: Internet-connected devices allow for continuous monitoring of chronic conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, providing real-time data to healthcare providers.
Telehealth Programs: Programs designed for specific chronic conditions can offer ongoing support and education to patients through online programs.
122
Internet in telemedicine: emergency Services
Tele-triage: Emergency telemedicine services enable triage and initial treatment advice, potentially reducing the need for in-person emergency department visits.
Disaster Response: Telemedicine can be crucial during disasters, providing remote care when local facilities are overwhelmed or inaccessible.
123
Internet in Medical Education and Training: Online Learning
E-learning Platforms: Medical students and professionals can access a wealth of online courses, webinars, and training modules.
Simulation and Virtual Reality: Advanced simulations and VR technologies offer immersive training experiences, improving clinical skills without the need for physical presence.
124
Internet in Medical Education and Training: Continuing Medical Education
Webinars and Online Conferences: healthcare professionals can earn CME credits through online seminars and virtual conferences, keeping them updated on the latest advancements.
125
Internet in Medical Education and Training: Global Collaboration
Knowledge Sharing: The internet facilitates collaboration among medical professionals worldwide, promoting the exchange of knowledge and best practices.
Tele-mentoring: Experienced clinicians can mentor less experienced practitioners remotely, enhancing medical education and practice globally.
126
Internet in medical research: Data collection and analysis
Big Data: The internet enables the collection and analysis of vast amounts of health data, facilitating large-scale research studies and improving understanding of diseases.
Crowdsourcing: Platforms can gather data from diverse populations, enhancing the representativeness and robustness of research findings.
127
Internet in medical research: clinical trials
Recruitment and Monitoring: Online platforms can streamline the recruitment process for clinical trials and facilitate remote monitoring of participants.
Data Sharing: Researchers can share data and collaborate more effectively, accelerating the pace of medical discoveries.
128
Internet in medical research: publication and access
Open Access Journals: Researchers and practitioners have greater access to scientific publications, fostering a more informed medical community.
Preprint Services: Preprints allow for the rapid dissemination of research findings before peer review, speeding up the exchange of knowledge.
129
Internet in Administrative and Operational Efficiency: Electronic Health Records (EHR)
Centralized Data: EHR Systems store patient information digitally, making it accessible to authorized healthcare providers and improving continuity of care.
Interoperability: The internet enables different healthcare systems to share patient data securely, enhancing coordinated care.
130
Internet in Administrative and Operational Efficiency: Telehealth Platforms
Integrated Systems: Comprehensive telehealth platforms integrate scheduling, billing, and clinical documentation, streamlining administrative tasks.
Patient Management: Online systems for patient management can improve workflow efficiency, reduce errors, and enhance patient satisfaction.
131
Internet in Administrative and Operational Efficiency: Supply Chain Management
Inventory Tracking: Internet-connected systems help healthcare facilities manage inventories, ensuring timely restocking of supplies and medications.
Resource Allocation: Data Analytics can optimize resource allocating, reducing waste and improving cost efficiency.
132
Impact of teleradiology
The impact of teleradiology is transforming healthcare delivery, enabling remote interpretation of medical images. This revolutionizes patient care by providing timely and accurate diagnoses, especially in underserved areas. Teleradiology also improves efficiency and reduces healthcare costs.
133
Teleradiology in medical researches
> swift and precise analysis of medical images for early detection
> prompt intervention for better patient outcomes and survival rates
> can reach rural and underserved areas
> faces challenge in data security and regulatory compliance
134
More impacts of teleradiology
1. The teleradiology services mainly took birth due to imbalance between demand and availability in radiological services.
2. Timely diagnostic services during emergency hours.
3. To overcome the deficiency of radiologist in the rural areas and by enhancing the interaction between experiences personnel in larger cities.
135
Benefits of teleradiology
1. Faster diagnosis
2. Research and continued education
3. Improved consultations
4. No shortage of radiologist
136
Advantages of teleradiology to patients
1. Consultation from top radiologist
2. Radiological findings obtained without travel cost
3. Confidentiality of patient’s record
137
Hurdles and security concerns in teleradiology
1. Lack or certified board radiologist
2. “Third-world Status” and Creditability
3. Small Markets
4. Poor Outsourcing
138
Current situation of teleradiology
> “TELERADIOLOGY” has grown into global services with almost unlimited possibilities.
> With advancement in technology and gadgets radiological services are available in hand today.
> Teleradiology will be forming the basis of comparing post treatment results with pre-treatment results.
> The realizations of this concept includes proper hardwares, softwares with modern radiological equipments, qualified radiologist we can impart the best healthcare to patients in rural areas.
