PRELIMS

Question 1

Organelles

Answer 1

membrane-bound compartments within the cell

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

contains cells genetic information and needed for proper growth, repair and functioning

Question 3

nucleolus

Answer 3

found in the nucleus and made of proteins and RNA

Question 4

ribosomes

Answer 4

made of ribosomal and protein (no membrane
makes proteins

Question 5

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

mainly used for transport (intra) and is a network of flattened interconnected membranes
rough ER: has ribosomes and process and modify proteins
smooth ER: has no ribosomes and makes lipids

Question 6

golgi body

Answer 6

made of flat membrane savs stacked on top of each other and not interconnected (increases SA:V)
process + package substances into cell membranes - into a vesicle

Question 7

lysosomes

Answer 7

specific vesicle made by golgi and contain digestive enzymes needed to break down other substances

Question 8

chloroplasts

Answer 8

found in plant cells which capture light to perform photosynthesis - creating glucose

Question 9

mitochondria

Answer 9

performs chemical respiration (combine oxygen with glucose to create ATP)

Question 10

cell membrane

Answer 10

seperates cell contents from the outside environment and holds organlles together + protects them

Question 11

cell wall

Answer 11

found in plant cells
gives cell structural strength and protection

Question 12

cytoplasm

Answer 12

watery-gel like substance which is found inside the cell membrane and all organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm (fills up the cell’s volume and gives it shape)

Question 13

cytoskeleton

Answer 13

organelles held in place by a network of: microtubes, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Question 14

centrioles

Answer 14

pair of small cylindrical structures made of microtubes and involved in cell division: pull apart chromosomes

Question 15

pili & flagella

Answer 15

hair-like appendages made of microtubules and enclosed by the cell membrane
used to help move the cell around

Question 16

vacuole

Answer 16

membrane bound vesicle which contains fluid
stores substances for when the cell wants to use it
plants have a permanent large one to provide turgor pressure

Question 17

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 17

phosphate heads - hydrophilic
lipid tails - hydrophobic

Question 18

cholesterol

Answer 18

type of lipid
allows for a more flexible membrane in animals

Question 19

phytosterol

Answer 19

increases membrane flexibility in plants

Question 20

proteins

Answer 20

integral/intrinsic or permanent span both phospholipid bilayers
peripheral/extrinsic or temporary bind to integral proteins or penetrate into one surface of the cell membrane

Question 21

carbohydrates

Answer 21

glycoprotein
glycolipid
- play role in recognition and adhesion between cells and recognition of antibodies, hormones and viruses

Question 22

Fluidity of phospholipids

Answer 22

rotational movement: rotate to interact around
lateral movement: move sideways in one leaflet
transverse flip-flop movement: between leaflets

Question 23

Transverse movement

Answer 23

flippasses: outer into inner
floppasses: inner into outer
scramblases: exchange phospholipids

Question 24

homeostasis

Answer 24

state of balance

Question 25

prokaryotes

Answer 25

does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles only unicellular

Question 26

eukaryotes

Answer 26

has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles generally multicellular but can also be unicellular

Question 27

light microscope

Answer 27

uses visible light to make specimen bigger as light shines through it

Question 28

confocal microscope

Answer 28

highly focused laser through specimen

Question 29

electron microscope

Answer 29

uses beam of electrons and electronmagnets to make specimen look bigger

Question 30

transmission electron microscope

Answer 30

broad beam shot scattering

Question 31

scanning electron microscope

Answer 31

uses super fine beam to systematically scan the spciemen

Question 32

size that can pass membrane

Answer 32

small molecules

Question 33

charge that can pass membrane

Answer 33

uncharge/neutral

Question 34

passive transport

Answer 34

no energy (ATP) required difference in concentration gradient

Question 35

simple diffusion

Answer 35

through phospholipid bilayer diffusion

Question 36

facilitated diffusion

Answer 36

through channel and carrier proteins

Question 37

osmosis

Answer 37

movement of water from high concentration to low concentration

Question 38

isotonic

Answer 38

equal

Question 39

hypotonic

Answer 39

more solute inside

Question 40

hypertonic

Answer 40

more solute outside

Question 41

lysis

Answer 41

bursting of animal cell due to too much water

Question 42

turgid/turgor

Answer 42

pressure from cell wall and water

Question 43

crenation

Answer 43

shrivelling of an animal cell

Question 44

flaccid

Answer 44

shrivelling of a plant cell

Question 45

active transport

Answer 45

mvoement of materials requiring energy (against concentration gradient)

Question 46

endocytosis

Answer 46

transport materials into the cell

Question 47

pinocytosis

Answer 47

engulfing a liquid

Question 48

phagocytosis

Answer 48

engulfing a solid

Question 49

receptor mediated

Answer 49

protein receptors trigger endocytosis for specific molecule

Question 50

exocytosis

Answer 50

transport materials out the cell

Question 51

surface area to volume ratio

Answer 51

more efficient exchange of materials flattened shape folding of cell membrane

Question 52

autotrophs

Answer 52

make their own food

Question 53

heterotrophs

Answer 53

take food from other organisms