PRELIMS Flashcards by Veronica Ysabelle Galido

is the process of sharing information, thoughts, ideas, or feelings between individuals or groups.

communication

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key components of the communication process

sender
message
medium
receiver
feedback
noise
context

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The person who initiates the message.

sender

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another term for sender

encoder

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The information, ideas, or feelings conveyed.

Message

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method or means through which the message is transmitted

medium/channel

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The person who interprets the message.

Receiver (Decoder)

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The receiver’s response to the message, which informs the sender if the communication was successful.

feedback

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Any interference or distortion that affects the clarity of the message (e.g., physical noise, emotional interference, language barriers).

Noise

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The environment or situation in which the communication occurs.

context

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principles of communication

clarity
conciseness
consistency
completeness
consideration
correctness
courtesy

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Ensure the message is clear and easily understood by the receiver. Avoid jargon or overly complex language.

clarity

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Keep the message brief and to the point while maintaining essential information.

conciseness

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Messages should align with past communications and the overall purpose of the interaction.

consistency

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Provide all necessary details for the receiver to fully understand the message.

completeness

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Be aware of the receiver’s perspective, background, and emotions when communicating.

consideration

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Use proper grammar, tone, and format to avoid confusion.

correctness

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Communicate in a respectful and polite manner.

Courtesy

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involves being honest, transparent, and responsible when sharing information. Key ethical principles include:

Ethical communication

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Provide accurate and truthful information.

Truthfulness and Honesty

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Be open about your intentions and do not withhold important information.

Transparency

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Protect the confidentiality of sensitive information

Respect for Privacy

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Avoid bias, discrimination, or any form of unfair treatment.

Fairness

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Maintain consistency between what you say and what you do.

integrity

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Be accountable for the impact of your communication on others.

responsibility

Ethical principles

Truthfulness and Honesty Transparency Respect for Privacy Fairness Integrity Responsibility

types of communication

verbal non-verbal written visual

involves spoken words, either face-to-face or through a medium like phone calls, meetings, or video chats.

Verbal Communication

examples of verbal communication

Conversations, speeches, presentations.

- refers to the global exchange of goods, services, capital, and labor. Example: Outsourcing of jobs, global brands like McDonald's or Apple.

Economic globalization

Examples are eye contact, hand gestures, tone of voice.

Non-verbal communication

worldwide exchange and adaptation of cultures, traditions, and values. Leads to cultural homogenization or hybridization, where local and global cultures merge.

Cultural Globalization

spread and advancement of technology, leading to greater access to information and communication

Technological Globalization

influence of international political systems, organizations, and agreements

Political Globalization

-increased global awareness of social issues such as human rights, equality, and health.

Social Globalization

Positive Impacts of Globalization:

- Economic growth - Cultural exchange - Technological innovation - Political cooperation

Negative Impacts of Globalization

- Economic disparity - Cultural loss - Environmental degradation - Social issues

process of exchanging information between individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds. It plays a vital role in globalization as people from diverse cultures increasingly interact with one another.

Intercultural Communication

- refers to the sense of belonging to a particular culture or group; includes shared values, beliefs, norms, language, and behaviours.

Cultural identity

- extent to which less powerful members of a society accept inequality in power

Power distance

- preference for achievement and assertiveness (masculinity) vs. care and cooperation (femininity).

Masculinity vs Femininity

focus on individual achievements (e.g., USA) vs. group harmony (e.g., Japan)

Individualism vs collectivism

Cultural Barriers to Communication

- Language differences - Non-verbal communication - Perception of time - Stereotyping and prejudice - Ethnocentrism (belief that one's own culture is superior to other)

-Being aware of and respectful toward cultural differences - Learning to adapt communication styles to meet the needs of diverse cultures - Developing empathy and understanding for other cultural perspectives

Cultural Sensitivity and Competence

- Educate yourself about the cultural backgrounds of the people you interact with - Be open to learning and understanding cultural differences.

Develop cultural awareness

- Modify verbal and non-verbal communication to suit the cultural context - Use simple, clear language, and avoid idioms or colloquial expressions that may be misunderstood

Adapt communication styles

- Pay attention to both spoken words and non-verbal cues. - Ask questions for clarification when needed to avoid assumptions or misinterpretations.

Practice active listening

involves written words through mediums like emails, reports, letters, and texts.

Written Communication

Examples of Written Communication

Memos, letters, emails, social media posts.

uses visual aids to convey information, such as diagrams, charts, graphs, videos, or illustrations.

Visual Communication

Visual Communication includes

Infographics, presentations, slides.

Communication via digital platforms like emails, social media, and messaging apps.

Digital Communication

examples of digital communication

Instant messaging, social media posts, online forums.

Direct communication between individuals, either one-on-one or in small groups.

Interpersonal Communication

Examples are Meetings, phone calls, discussions.

Digital Communication

One person communicates to a large group, often for persuasive, informative, or entertainment purposes.

Public Communication

Examples of Public Communication

Public speeches, lectures, conferences.

Transmission of messages to large, widespread audiences through media like television, radio, newspapers, or the internet.

Mass Communication

Examples are News broadcasts, social media, podcasts.

Mass Communication

refers to the increasing interconnectedness of countries and societies in terms of economics, politics, culture, technology, and communication.

Globalization

It involves the integration and interaction of people, ideas, and resources across borders, affecting various aspects of life worldwide.

Globalization

tailor your message based on the background, needs, and expectations of your audience.

Know your Audience

Use simple, straightforward language. Avoid unnecessary details and long explanations.

Be Clear and Concise

Structure your message logically. Begin with the main idea, followed by supporting details.

Organize your Thoughts

Allow space for questions, clarifications, and feedback from the receiver.

Provide Feedback

Be flexible and adjust your communication style based on the feedback you receive.

Adapt to Feedback

Show understanding and consideration for the feelings and perspectives of others.

Be Empathetic

Be receptive to others' opinions and viewpoints, even if they differ from your own.

Maintain Open-mindedness

Ensure that your message has only one interpretation to minimize confusion.

Avoid Ambiguity

Ensure your tone and words match the purpose of the communication (e.g., formal vs. informal).

Use Proper Tone and Language

Support your verbal or written communication with visual aids for clarity and engagement.

Use Visuals Where Appropriate

- Acknowledge and respect the values, beliefs, and customs of others. - Be patient and open-minded when dealing with cultural differences.

Show Respect and Empathy

- Recognize that no culture is inherently superior to another. - Appreciate the diversity of perspectives and behaviours in different cultures.

Avoid ethnocentrism

includes different dialects, accents, and regional variations

Varieties of english

Importance of Intercultural Communication in Globalization

- Facilitates International Business - Promotes Peace and Understanding - Enhances Education - Strengthens Diplomacy

Registers of english

Formal Register Informal Register