prelims Flashcards
What are the different elements of communication?
Source, Message, Channel, Receiver, Feedback, Environment, Context, Interference
A message is crafted through a ______ who initiates the communication process. It can be an author of a book, a public speaker, or a teacher who discusses a lesson.
sender
Communication is delivered through a _________ sent by the speaker to the receiver.
message
________ is the means of communication. Examples are phone in calls and letters sent in business transactions. To have an effective communication, communicators should select the best means of communication.
Channel
When the message is sent by the sender it is received by the recipient. A ________ can be an audience in a symposium, a reader who receives the letter or a pedestrian who reads road signs.
receiver
An understood message is confirmed through the response of the receiver. ___________ may be written, spoken or acted out such as thumbs up given by a listener.
Feedback
The sender and receiver’s feelings, mood, place and mindset are called __________. Both sender and receiver have to consider the setting where communication takes place. This factor may also hinder effective communication where barriers may interfere such as noise from the buses or poor signal in phone calls.
environment
The meaning conveyed from the message sent by the sender to the receiver is called __________. It is necessary that both the encoder and decoder share common understanding to achieve effective communication.
context
_________ or _________ prevent effective communication. These are factors that hinder the communication process.
Interferences, barriers
Types of Barriers in Communication
Psychological Barriers
Physical Barriers
Linguistic and Cultural Barriers
Mechanical Barriers
These are thoughts that hamper the interpreted message received by the receiver such as dizziness of the listener while the teacher lectures or when the listener is preoccupied by some other things while listening to the speaker.
Psychological Barriers
These are stimuli from the environment which disrupt communication, weather or climate conditions and physical health of the communicator.
Physical Barriers
Word differences are present in different cultures which may result to ineffective communication. Which barrier is being described?
Linguistic and Cultural Barriers
These are interferences which affect channels to transmit the message such as poor signal or low battery consumption of mobile phones while calling.
Mechanical Barriers
The earliest model that structures how public speaking is undergone is explained through _____________________.
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
This model is where the five elements which compose the communication process which are the speaker, speech
occasion, audience, and effect are identified.
Aristotle’s Model of Communication
Based on Aristotle’s Model of Communication, what are the five elements that compose the communication process?
Speaker
Speech
Occasion
Audience
Effect
Aristotle’s model of communication is speaker-centered which results the audience as ________. The effect of the speech delivered by the speaker to the audience in an occasion is that either the listeners be persuaded or not; in this case the communication becomes one-way delivery because feedback from the audience is not expected.
passive
Technological model of communication process is explained by the proponents ___________ and __________ known as ___________________________ (Flores, 2016).
Claude Shannon, Warren Weaver
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of
Communication
This model was developed because of the technological invention of telephone. Six elements of communication are identified in this model: sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, receiver, and feedback.
Shannon-Weaver’s Model of
Communication
Six elements of communication that were identified in Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication
sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, receiver, and feedback
In Shannon-Weaver’s model of communication, the __________ works as channel and the ________ which the receiver uses to receive the message becomes the decoder and the destination of the call is the receiver. The noise present in the channel may interrupt the communication process which results to poor communication. With this, the receiver may respond that he/she wasn’t able to understand what the caller had sent.
telephone wire
telephone
Complete the analogy based on the Shannon-Weaver’s Model of communication:
Caller: Sender :: ________:Encoder
Telephone
The two-way street flow of communication in which a sender and a receiver send back and forth messages was popularized by __________________.
Charles Egerton Osgood
This model considers communication as circular because both the encoder and decoder take turn in sending the message. Along the process of communication, the recipients filter to interpret the meaning of the words sent to them.
Osgood-Schramm’s Model of Communication
The different meanings applied to send messages could become interference in communication known as _____________.
semantic noise
In the latter years, ____________ adapted Osgood’s model and added another element in communication called field of experience. Sneha Mishra (2017) identified culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values and rules that correspond to this element. With great similarity of the recipients’ field of experience, the greater effective
communication is expected.
Wilbur Schramm
Another circular model that explains communication as a continuous process with no real beginning or end is ____________________.
Eugene White’s Stages of Communication
The elements in Eugene White’s Model of Communication are:
thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feed backing, and monitoring
What are the three parts that must be considered for communication to be effective?
Listening
Responding
Understanding
This entails accepting of words and ideas. This is also taking nonverbal cues such as facial expression and body language.
Listening
This is evaluating the worth of message. It requires a psychological processing which leads to understanding.
Responding
Means giving meaning to the words or expressions uttered.
Understanding
What are the basic principles of effective communication?
Clarity
Concreteness
Courtesy
Correctness
Consideration
Creativity
Conciseness
Cultural Sensitivity
Captivating
__________ makes speeches understandable. Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are jargons, cliché expressions, euphemisms, and double speak language.
Clarity
_____________ reduces misunderstandings. Messages must be supported by facts such as research data, statistics or figures. To achieve this, abstract words must be avoided
Concreteness
___________ builds goodwill. It involves being polite in terms of approach and manner of addressing an individual.
Courtesy
Glaring mistakes in grammar obscures the meaning of the sentence. Also, the misuse of language can damage your credibility. Which principle of effective communication is being described?
Correctness
Messages must be geared towards the audience. The sender of the message must consider the recipient’s profession, level of education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interests, passions, advocacies, and age when drafting or delivering a message. Which principle of effective communication is being described?
Consideration
____________ in communication means having the ability to craft interesting messages in terms of sentence structure and word choice.
Creativity
Simplicity and directness help you achieve this. Also, avoid using lengthy expressions and words that may confuse the recipient.
Conciseness
Today, with the increasing emphasis on empowering diverse cultures, lifestyles, and races and the pursuit for gender equality, this becomes an important standard for effective communication.
Cultural Sensitivity
You must strive to make messages interesting to command more attention and better responses. Which principle of effective communication is being described?
Captivating
_________ is the discussion of the judgments we make about the appropriateness, the right or wrong, of our actions and policies be those actions communicative, political, social, personal, or a mixture of areas (Johnessen, 1990).
Ethics
Factors to be considered in communication ethics:
audience, context, and purpose
Guidelines for ethical communication which should shape communication practice:
a. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audiences
b. Ethical Communicators Consider the Consequences of Their Communication.
c. Ethical Communicators Respect Truth.
d. Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly.
e. Ethical Communicators Do Not Falsify Information.
f. Ethical Communicators Respect the Rights of Others to Information.
_________________ is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, it enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others.
Ethical communication
________ is the discipline that examines one’s moral standards of a society.
Ethics
_____________ is the process of exchanging ideas, opinions, and information between two or more interlocutors.
Communication
What are the forms of intercultural communication?
a. Interracial communication
b. Interethnic communication
c. International communication
d. Intracultural communication
communicating with people from different races
Interracial Communication
interacting with people of different ethnic origin
Interethnic Communication
communicating between representatives from different nations
International Communication
interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture
Intracultural Communication
According to _________________ (2008), communication style among cultures differs, it may be high context or low-context communication.
Gamble and Gamble
____________________ is a tradition-linked communication system which adheres strongly to being indirect.
High-context communication
__________________ is a system that works on straightforward communication.
Low-context communication
______________________ (Meditteranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and between the lines interpretation of what is actually said.
High-context cultures
___________________ (most Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect messages to be explicit and specific.
Low-context cultures
The following guidelines may help you enhance your ability to communicate effectively across cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2008):
- Recognize the validity and differences of communication styles among people.
- Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices.
- Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in a multicultural world.
Lin (2016) presents the following nature of language variation as prescribed by most linguists based on the ideas of Mahboob (2014).
- Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and outside (global)
our community. - Language varies in speaking and in writing.
- Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses.
Mahboob (2014) identifies eight different domains in which language varies depending on the combinations (field, tenor and mode) of the context of communication. The first domains include language variations that reflect local usage done in one local language or multiple local languages depending on the context. They vary in the following ways:
- Local everyday written
- Local everyday oral
- Local specialized written
- Local specialized oral
- Global everyday written
- Global everyday oral
- Global specialized written
- Global specialized oral
This may include instances of usage found in the neighborhood posters (e.g. a poster looking for transient/bed spacers).
Local everyday written
May occur in local communications among neighbors in everyday, informal and local varieties of languages.
Local everyday oral
An example of this can be found in the publication and web sites of local societies such as the Baguio Midland Courier.
Local specialized written
This involves specialized discourses. For example, in a computer shop in the neighborhood, specialized local usage can be found (e.g. specialized computer game-related vocabulary is used).
Local specialized oral
This avoids local colloquialisms to make the text accessible to wider communities of readers. This can be found in international editions of newspapers and magazines.
Global everyday written
This may occur in interactions between people coming from different parts of the world when they talk about everyday casual topics.
Global everyday oral
This expands to as many readers internationally, hence the non-usage of local colloquial expressions (e.g. international research journal articles)
Global specialized written
This occurs when people from different parts of the world discuss specialized topics in spoken form (e.g. paper presentation sessions in an international academic conference).
Global specialized oral
What are the five language registers?
a. Frozen
b. Formal/Academic
c. Consultative
d. Casual/Informal
e. Intimate
This style of communication rarely or never changes. It is frozen in time and content. This is official business and educational language which features complete sentences and specific
word choice, which often contains archaisms.
Frozen
This language is used in formal setting and is one-way. This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format. It is generally impersonal and formal. It is often used to show respect. Word selection is more sophisticated, and certain words are always or never used depending on the situation. In a formal register, the story structure focuses on the plot: It has a beginning and ending, and it weaves sequence, cause and effect, characters, and consequences into the plot.
Formal/Academic
It is a standard form of communications. Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of interfaces. It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of speech. This register can be described as two-way participation, professional setting, background information is provided (prior knowledge is not assumed), interruptions and feedback fillers allowed (“uh-huh,” “I see”), more complex syntax, and longer phrases. Sentence structure need not be complete, since non-verbal assists, hand movements and body language, are often used to convey meaning.
Consultative
The language used in conversation with friends. This is characterized by 400- to 500- word vocabulary, broken sentences, and interruptions are common. Very informal language, idioms, ellipsis, and slang are common. No background information is provided, “group” language – must be a member to use, interruptions are common, and context and non-verbal communication are important. General word choice and conversation are dependent upon non-verbal assists. The focus of the story is characterization. It is an indirect, random approach with many omissions and does not have a sequence, cause, and effect, or consequence.
Casual/Informal
This communication is private. It is reserved for close family members or intimate relations. It is non-public, the intonation is as crucial as wording and grammar, and often a special vocabulary full of coded words is used.
Intimate
__________ can help you communicate effectively. Nevertheless, appropriate use of this depends on the situation and the tone of voice you use. It is vital to grasp the fundamentals of correct usage of this to communicate well in English. If one register is expected and another is presented, the result can either be that offense is taken (or intended) or a comic response.
Register use
Academic and professional writings are characterized by _____________. Students, scholars, professionals, and anyone wishing to maintain harmonious communicative relations should be careful in using words and phrases that do not discriminate against particular groups, whether in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, social class, age, and disability. The essential point in a way that is respectful of diversity.
bias-free language
___________ is a form of discrimination against a person or persons of a different race. In general, it is best to avoid identifying people by race or ethnic group.
Racism
___________ refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender. To be inclusive of all people in general references, one should favor gender-neutral words and phrases over gender-biased words.
Sexism
Gender-biased pronouns can be avoided by:
(a) dropping pronouns that signify gender and restating the sentence
(b) changing to plural construction
(c) replacing masculine or feminine pronouns with “one” or “you”
__________________ is a form of prejudice against a person or people because of their social class.
Class discrimination or classism
_________ is a form of discrimination against other people because of their age, or assuming that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally able than other age groups.
Ageism
__________ often arises because of lack of understanding and
awareness. Therefore, first, it is important to distinguish some terms that are mistakenly understood to be synonymous.
Discrimination
a physiological condition
impairment
the consequence of an impairment, which may or may not be handicapping
disability
the social implication of a disability; a condition or barrier imposed by society, the environment or oneself
handicap
an impairment in which a leg or foot is damaged or stiff
limp
