PRELIMS Flashcards
RA 9262
An act defining Violence Against Women and Their Children
Violence has been classified as
Physical Violence
Psychological Violence
Economic Violence
Sexual Violence
any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic women’s sexuality, using coercion, threats of harm or physical force, by any person, regardless of the relationship with the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home, school, prison, the streets and at work.”
Sexual Assault
- any sexual, physical, verbal, or visual act that forces a person to engage in sexual contact against their will or without their affirmative consent.
SEXUAL ASSAULT
- any type of forced or coerced sexual contact or behavior that happens without consent. Sexual assaults include rape and attempted rape, child molestation, and sexual harassment or threats
SEXUAL ASSAULT
● A clear “yes” to sexual activity.
● One knows and understand what’s going on
● One knows what he/she wanted to do
● One is able to say what he/she wanted to do
● One is sober
CONSENT
Age of Consent in the Philippines
16 years of age and above by virtue of RA 11648
rape or sexual assault perpetrated by someone unknown to the survivor.
stranger rape
perpetrator rapidly and brutally assaults the victim with no prior contact. Blitz assaults usually occur at night in a public place.
Blitz Sexual Assault
perpetrator works to gain trust and confidence before assaulting.
Contact Sexual Assault
Sexual abuse by a relative, sexual contact/abuse between family members.
Incest -
- survivor and the perpetrator are known to each other, whether by passing acquaintance or someone the survivor knows intimately.
Acquaintance Rape
a form of child abuse that includes sexual activity with a minor. A child cannot consent to any form of sexual activity, period.
Child Sexual Abuse
Unlawful intercourse with a minor
statutory rape
Women who have been physically abused by their partner have often experienced sexual abuse
Spousal/Partner Rape
the state of deviating away from the standard / norm
DEVIANCY
deviation from the “normal” sexual acts This concept refers to behaviors that involve individuals seeking erotic gratification through means that are considered odd, different, or unacceptable to either most or influential persons in one’s community
Sexual Deviancy
What is normal to one person may be quite offensive or even bizarre to another. Even as one ages from adolescence to older adulthood, private sexual standards may change
normal sex
● Defining criterion are the numbers
● If more than 50% of the population practice a certain sexual behavior, it is then considered normal;
● Validates normalcy for a person / group of persons who practice that particular sexual act;
● Can be dangerous; it can define lawbreaking as normal
sexual deviancy
● Based on the set normal rules and regulations with changing sanctions that accommodate transgression of its rule, which often take the form of laws, statutes, and ordinances;
● The concept of what behavior is appropriate and what behavior is deviant is relative; it depends on the norms of the society at a specific time.
- CULTURAL STANDARD
● Sexual acts are based on the commandments of the faith as to what act is wrong or right, son or not;
religious normalcy
Sex is something that is a duty of one spouse for the other, not to be enjoyed but endured; -
Sexual acts belong to those who are legally and spiritually married and done only under specific condition.
. Traditional Sexual Philosophy
● Legitimizes behavior in the same fashion as the other standards, but at a personal level;
● This involves how a person personally rationalizes the act.
● A person must feel that what he/she is doing is not only normal, but “really not that bad”
subjective standard
Ranges from simple to complex or it may be escalating
fantasy
calling someone “daddy” in bed, engaging in light age play
age play
sex act that focuses on stimulating your partner’s anus via licking, penetrating with the tongue, kissing, or any oral stimulation.
ANILINGUS
– inanimate object to which one has attached sexual feelings
FETISH
subcategory, sexually aroused from harsh or scratchy surfaces such as sandpaper or steel wool
bdsm
form of restraint. Falls within the BDSM umbrella, which is an acronym for “bondage, discipline, dominance and submission, sadism and masochism” and a group of common sexual fantasies
bondage
heterosexual couple agrees to both explore the turn-on of the female sleeping with other men and humiliating her male partner about the fact that she’s sleeping with someone else
cuckolding
“sitophilia” - individuals are turned on by food in an erotic setting.
Food play
to lightly choking, making gagging sounds. Often people with penises will get off on their partner gagging on them—and the knowledge that they’re big enough to induce gagging noises
Gagging
- sex or masturbating in front of mirrors or reflective surfaces
Katoptronophilia
- pleasure from the high sensation - pain, be that physical or emotional
Masochism
- taking on characters outside day-to-day lives as part of a sex scene
Role playing
“hair fetishism” human hair or animal fur, human head hair
Trichophilia
- watching others get it on. Consensual voyeurism
Voyeur
– isolated part of the body which sexual feelings had been attached (e.g. breasts, legs, buttocks)
Partialism
- Sex offenders are ritualistic in their sexual predation as others who are sexually active.
- May increase to the point of addiction.
- Sexual acts have to be performed in the same fashion and often in the same sequence; If not done as “script provides”, the act has to be either abandoned or restarted.
- Some serial sex offenders, rapists or child molesters, for example, may force their victims to repeat those same certain phrases or even call them by a different name which may be the offender’s mother’s, wife’s or girlfriend’s name.
Ritualism
- The compulsive feelings well up inside the serial sex offender and launch him into action
Compulsion
- analyses that criminality results from an internal and unavoidable cause versus that of a controlled decision.
PSYCHOLOGICAL POSITIVISM
theorized this in the 1800s; he proposes that the cause of criminality is rooted in the offender’s mental illness or personality disorders.
Alexander Lacassagne
such as mood disorder, dispute behavior disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, antisocial personality, and psychopathic personality are some of the mental illnesses that causes a person to commit a crime.
Personality disorders
proposes psychodynamic or psychoanalytic theory. He emphasized the instinctual and unconscious bases of human behavior.
- He argued that everyone has an instinctual drive called id that demands gratification, superego is the moral and ethical codes that regulate these drives, and adults then develop a rational personality called ego that moderates between the id and superego.
- It blames criminal behavior on a conscience that is either so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt or so weak that it cannot control the individual’s impulses and leads to a need for immediate gratification
Sigmund Freud
- source of the instinctual drives, it contains everything present at birth.
- based on the pleasure principle.
ID
– reality
- moderator or referee between the id’s and the superego’s demands.
- The reality principle operates the ego; it represents reason and good sense.
Ego
– morality
- concentrates on morality and evaluates a person’s conduct and deeds.
- It develops due to the moral constraints taught to us by our parents.
Superego
It is the ways of coping with difficult feelings and the mind’s way of dealing with stress.
Defense mechanisms are coping strategies. They involve a distortion of reality that allows an individual to navigate an anxiety-provoking situation.
ning.
DEFENSE MECHANISM
It is the unconscious mechanism in which the ego pushes disturbing or threatening thoughts out of consciousness.
An individual intentionally forgets the painful ideas or impulses to protect himself
REPRESSION
Umbrella to which all the defense mechanism exists.
Denial is just failing to admit that an event occurred in the actual world.
DENIAL
The individual blames others for their own difficulties and responsible for his mistakes and shortcomings.
PROJECTION
Redirecting of thoughts, feelings, and impulses at one person or object that are less threate
DISPLACEMENT
In response to any stressful and overwhelming situations, the individual regresses in development, takes the position of a child, and acts like a child to cope with the trauma.
.
REGRESSION
A defense mechanism involves
satisfying an impulse by acting on a
substitute but channeling and doing
it in a socially acceptable manner
SUBLIMATION
(AGE 0-1)
- first stage; infants experience the world through their mouths during the first year of life.
ORAL PHASE
(AGE 1-3)
- 18 months to 3 years old.
- focus of pleasure is on the anus. Finds satisfaction in eliminating and retaining feces.
ANAL PHASE
(AGE 3-6)
- The pleasure is focused on the genitals.
- The children at this age are interested in what makes boys and girls different.
PHALLIC PHASE
- The boys begin to develop a sexual desire towards his mother and see his father as a rival for her affection
Oedipus Complex
That girls may experience the development of unconscious sexual attraction towards their fathers.
Electra Complex
(AGE 7-13)
- six until puberty; In this stage, the child represses all interest in sexuality and focuses on the acquisition of physical and academic skills.
LATENT PHASE
(PUBERTY - DEATH)
- start of puberty when the sexual urges are reawakened.
- the sexual pleasure comes from someone outside the family.
GENITAL PHASE
- focuses on feelings of inferiority, which he perceives as a normal condition of all people and a source of all human striving. It centers on the emotions that individuals experience due to their interactions and disagreements.
Alfred Adler
- Exaggerated feelings of inadequacy and insecurity often lead to defensiveness or anxiety. Individuals who first feel less competent than their peers subsequently develop feelings of inadequacy.
Inferiority Complex
determined that establishing early social attachment with a caregiver is crucial for typical infant social development. Bowlby’s fundamental discovery was that a child needs a close and enduring bond with their mother for optimal mental health, where both parties derive happiness and fulfilment.
ATTACHMENT THEORY
John Bowlby
are diverse conditions that impact a person’s cognitive processes, emotions, and actions. These disorders significantly affect an individual’s daily functioning and may necessitate medical or psychological treatments.
Mental illnesses
a form of developmental disability that typically manifests in individuals under 18 years old. It refers to a degree of cognitive ability, assessed through regular intelligence assessments, that falls far below the norm and leads to notable constraints in the individual’s day-to-day functioning.
Mental Retardation
- childlike level of reaction, absence of moral awareness, lack of empathy towards others, and aggression towards both others and the surroundings. It is a severe form of mental disorder that impacts a person’s personality, causing changes in their thoughts, emotions, and cognitive abilities such as memory and attention.
Psychosis
- mental health condition characterized by heightened levels of unfavorable feelings such as unease, stress, fear, and panic.
Anxiety
including violent actions, is acquired through engaging with the social environment. Behaviorists claim that individuals do not have an innate drive towards violence.
BEHAVIORAL THEORY
The theory suggests that individuals acquire behavior and attitudes by observing, imitating, and modelling after others
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
suggests that cognitive processes are the main drivers of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. The cognitive theory is linked to the examination of crime and violence, which is the perspective focusing on moral and intellectual development.
COGNITIVE THEORY
serve as an internal model of reality. They aid a person in comprehending the world around them. are mental frameworks that depict a specific part of reality and can be viewed as classifications that contain certain predetermined notions.
Schema
This involves incorporating a new experience into an already established cognitive structure or schema
Assimilation
involves changing the schema, potentially leading to the creation of a new schema.
Accommodation
reached when a child’s existing mental structures can readily incorporate new information through assimilating it. is the reason children can transition from one stage of thinking to another.
Equilibrium
- The initial phase of cognitive development spans from birth to language development.
- Infants develop knowledge of their environment by connecting what they see and hear with their movements and actions.
Sensorimotor Stage
(AGE 2-7)
- Aligns with the preschool age range. Child acquires the ability to utilize and depict objects through images, words, and drawings.
- The child can develop reliable concepts, logical thinking, and magical beliefs.
Pre-operational Stage
(AGE 2-4)
Child’s verbal communication skills are improving, but their speech remains self-centered.
The Preconceptual Stage
- Communication becomes more focused on interaction with others and less centered on oneself.
- Children rely on their instincts or feelings to determine truth, even though they cannot articulate the reasoning behind those feelings.
Intuitive Stage
(AGE 7-11)
- After the preoperational stage, takes place from ages 7 to 11 and is known for correctly applying reasoning.
- Our brain learns to rearrange our thoughts, to classify and build concrete operational mental structures.
Concrete-operational Stage
- Starts during the teenage years and continues into adulthood.
- The use of symbols related to abstract concepts is a demonstration of intelligence. By now, the individual can engage in abstract and logical thinking methods.
Formal Operational Stage
posited that the unconscious motives, childhood experiences and internal conflict significantly influence the behavior and criminal action.
- Psychological positivism
have been explained and studied that it contributes to the criminal behavior in some individuals.
- Mental disorders and personality disorders
