PRELIMS Flashcards
as a cultural as well as individual
process of thoughts
Science
a way of understanding the world and human interactions with it.
Science
it involves challenging existing beliefs, fostering change, and promoting scientific progress by encouraging the modification of theories to approach truth, as seen in the history of scientific development
intellectual revolution
An astronomer in the Renaissance
Nicolaus Copernicus
His work was often cited as the beginning of the Scientific Revolution
Work: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)
Nicolaus Copernicus
The Earth is not the center of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus
proposed that Venus and
Mercury are nearer to the Sun than Earth.
Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are farther from
the Sun than to Earth.
Copernicus
he published a book On the Origin of
Species (1859), which opened the idea of
evolution as the central theme of biology.
Charles Darwin
is a long-term process that results in species diversification
Evolution
We share a common ancestor with
monkeys and apes.
Theory of Evolution
Copernicus proposed that Venus and
Mercury are nearer to the Sun than Earth.
Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are farther from
the Sun than to Earth.
Heliocentrism
Theory of natural selection as a mechanism of evolution
Charles Darwin
Organisms that are more adapted to their
environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success.
Natural Selection
He founded psychoanalysis to understand
the human’s inner life
Sigmund Freud
His theory states that experiences shape
personality and human behavior.
Sigmund Freud
Aside from psychoanalysis, he also
contributed to understanding: the unconscious mind, defense or coping
mechanisms, psychosexual development,
and the emotional and psychological side ofmental health
Sigmund Freud
based on the solar cycles
Haab Calendar (365 days)
How many days are in Haab Calendar?
365 days
related to agricultural cycles, religious rituals, and movement of celestial bodies
Tzolkin Calendar (260 days)
How many days are in Tzolkin Calendar?
260 days
Constructing well-designed temples (i.e., pyramid at Chichén Itzá, Mexico) to conduct _ astronomical observations of the sun, moon, planets, and other celestial bodies
naked-eye
A complex way of life
Civilization
Number system based on the numeral 20 the concept of zero and positional value
Mayan positional number system
Accurately predicting eclipses
Maya
Creating quipu, a system of knotted ropes for record-keeping
Inca
- Building roads covered with stones
- Constructing structures that can survive natural calamities like earthquakes
Inca
Extensive contributions to science and technology
Aztec
Developing an Aztec technology for agriculture called
chinampa
Extensive contributions to science and
technology:
● Inventing _ for travelling
canoe
are known for their metallurgical works and their iron manufacture
India/Indians
Indians developed _, system of traditional medicine
Ayurveda
Discovered medicinal properties of plants to cure illnesses
India
- an ancient text that describes surgical & medical
procedures
Susrutasamhita of Sustruta
Ancient India tried to standardize measurement of length via the
Mohenjo-daro ruler
introduced trigonometric functions and techniques of algebra
Aryabhata
Hindu-Arabic numeral system
Brahmagupta
founder of mathematical analysis
Madhava
Discovered medical properties of plants and animals
China
China developed _ as a medical
method
acupuncture
Discovered and invented compass, gunpowder, printing tools
China
Invented tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, propeller
China
China Invented
seismological detector
Developed first dry rock facility
China
● Putting value in education
Aztec
● Using antispasmodic medication
Aztec
● Developing an Aztec technology for agriculture called chinampa
Aztec
● Inventing canoe for travelling
Aztec
● Producing chocolates from cacao
beans
Aztec
● Creating an Aztec calendar for their
rituals and planting season
Aztec
Philippines as one of the centers of global trade in SE Asia and was considered as one of the _ in the region.
most developed countries
They founded a public education system.
American Colonization
They established the first modern research university of the country (University of the Philippines System)
American Colonization
Protestant churches established different schools for fishermen, farmers and poor people in provinces.
American Colonization
established different schools for fishermen, farmers and poor people in provinces.
Protestant churches
Filipinos had the opportunity to study in the US as
pensionados.
was initiated, focusing on producing more scientists and experts.
Human resource development
Human resource development was initiated, focusing on producing more scientists and experts.
New Republic
brought their own culture and practices that influenced Filipinos.
Spanish Colonization
Rebuilding the country became a priority.
New Republic
Overseas Development Aid from US and Japan were utilized
New Republic
Filipinos adapted western technologies which made them modernized.
Spanish Colonization
They were able to develop or replicate these using indigenous materials. Creativity
Spanish Colonization
introduced some engineering works such as bridges,
highways, and waterways.
Spaniards
The Galleon trade allowed more economic and cultural exchange between Philippines, Spain, and other Spanish colonies like Mexico.
Spanish Colonization
Social Sciences, Humanities, Education and International Policies and Governance
Cluster 1
Physics, Engineering, Industrial Research, Earth and Space Science and Mathematics
Cluster 2
Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Cluster 3
Revolutionized mango production with his innovations.
Ramon Barba
Biological Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry
Cluster 4
The premier science and technology governing agency in the country with the mandate of providing central
direction, leadership, and coordination of scientific and technological activities
Department of Science and Technology
Pioneer in marine conservation, particularly in coral
reef protection and fishery resources.
Angel C. Alcala
satellite remote sensing of the Earth’s polar regions.
Josefino Casas Comiso
marine conservation, particularly in coral reef ecosystems.
Edgardo D. Gomez
marine toxins, particularly from cone snails.
Lourdes Jansuy Cruz
natural products and medicinal chemistry
Fabian Miller Dayrit
“Father of Philippine Plant Breeding” for his significant contributions to agricultural science
Dioscoro L. Umali
biofuels and alternative energy sources.
Julian Banzon
pediatric medicine and child health in the Philippines.
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