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INFORMATICS AND IMAGING SCIENCE > Prelims > Flashcards

Prelims Flashcards

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1
Q

Invisible image produced by the exposure to light of a photo sensitive material

A

Latent Image

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2
Q

A data that is based on own senses or observation, ex it has scientific laboratory test

A

Objective Data

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3
Q

This is information based on personal for an instance on how to get information given by the patient

A

Subjective data

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4
Q

The process of care in the role of imaging

A

1) identify the problem
2) develop a differential diagnosis
3) performed test
4) analyze results
5) conclude

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5
Q

This which entails identifying the problem and establishing a differential diagnosis

A

What is wrong?

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6
Q

This is which involves testing the differential diagnosis and determining the extent of the problem

A

How serious is it?

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7
Q

The which based on analysis of best results concludes with a treatment session

A

What to do

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8
Q

Diagnosis via imaging can fail for several reasons (4)

A

1) wrong study requested
2) poor study acquisition
3) poor study interpretation
4) poor study documentation/communication

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9
Q

Diagnosis via imaging can fail for several reasons (4)

A

1) wrong study requested
2) poor study acquisition
3) poor study interpretation
4) poor study documentation/communication

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10
Q

Factors in poor study acquisition (2)

A

1) improper technique
2) poor instrumentation/calibration

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11
Q

Factors in poor study interpretation

A

1) insufficient background
2) poor data presentation
3) poor reading skills

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12
Q

Five principal densities are recognized on plain radiographs in order of increasing density

A

1) air/gas (black)
2) fat (dark grey)
3) soft tissues/water (light gray)
4) bone (off white)
5) contrast material/metal (bright white)

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13
Q

1) air/gas (black) e.g

A

Lungs, bowel and stomach

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14
Q

2) fat (dark grey) example

A

Subcutaneous tissue layer, retroperitoneal fat

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15
Q

3) soft tissues/water (light gray)
Example

A

Solid organs, heart, blood vessels, muscle, and fluid -filled organs, such as bladder

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16
Q

This is the year where the discovery of x-ray and radiology

A

1895

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17
Q

It has been the work horse of ever since the discovery of x-ray

A

Film – screen radiography

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18
Q

He discovered the x-ray

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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19
Q

It entered into the domain of digital imaging or filmless imaging as it sometimes referred to

A

Today film– screen radiography

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20
Q

It is the goal of radiology departments to eliminate ___________ and introduce new technologies for the purpose of improving diagnostic interpretation and digital image management and to reduce the radiation dose to patients

A

Film – based imaging system

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21
Q

This technologies include not only digital image acquisition modalities, but also ___________

A

Digital image processing and display, storage, image, communication, or transmission

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22
Q

Digital image acquisition modalities includes:

A

Computer radiography
Digital radiography
Digital mammography
Digital fluoroscopy
Vascular imaging
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Nuclear medicine
Diagnostics medical sonography

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23
Q

Digital radiography is also refers as

A

Projection radiography
Filmless radiography

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24
Q

He referred digital radiography as projection radiography

A

Euclid Seeram

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25
Q

Computers process data collected from patients using special electronic detectors that have replaced the x-ray film cassette

A

Digital radiography

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26
Q

The ___________ measure and convert x-ray attenuation data from the patient into electronic (analog) signals that are subsequently converted into digital data for processing by a computer.

A

Detectors

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27
Q

The result of this processing is a ________ that must be converted so that it can be viewed on a computer monitor

A

Digital image

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28
Q

The detectors measure and convert ___________ from the patient into electronic (analog) signals that are subsequently converted into digital data for processing by a computer.

A

X-ray attenuation data

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29
Q

The detectors measure and convert x-ray attenuation data from the patient into _________ that are subsequently converted into digital data for processing by a computer.

A

electronic (analog) signals

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30
Q

The displayed image can be manipulated using a variety of _________ to Enhance the interpretation of diagnostic radiology images

A

Digital image processing techniques

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31
Q

It also includes image and information management systems, image, storage and image communication

A

Digital radiography

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32
Q

The film image appears with varying _________ as a result of the amount of exposure, transmitted by different parts of the anatomy

A

Degrees of blackening

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33
Q

_________ reduces more blackening. _________ produces less blackening.

A

More exposure
Less exposure

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34
Q

The blackening is referred to as _________

A

Film density

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35
Q

The difference in densities in the image is referred to as_________

A

Film contrast

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36
Q

The _________ therefore, converts the radiation transmitted by the various of _________ into film contrast.

A

1) film
2) of tissues (tissue contrast)

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37
Q

It is one of the major problems with the radiographic imaging process is _________ if the initial ration exposure has not been accurately determined.

A

Poor image quality

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38
Q

If the radiation exposure is too high, the film is _________

A

Overexposed

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39
Q

The process image appears too dark, and the radiologist cannot make a diagnosis from such image

A

Overexposed

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40
Q

It refers to structure that are less dense and permit x-ray beam to pass through them

A

Radiolucent

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41
Q

It refers to the structure that are dense and resist the passage of x-ray

A

Radiopaque

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42
Q

This film optical density is considered as over exposure or dark image

A

3.00-3.50

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43
Q

This is the toe region and it is under exposure or light image

A

0.50-1.00

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44
Q

The straight line region or slope of the curve and it is useful density range. It is the correct exposure and acceptable image.

A

2.00

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45
Q

The technical factors concerning _________ are some that could influence the complex process of the transition from an SF environment to a new digital environment

A

Image acquisition
Management of patient dose
Diagnostic image quality

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46
Q

In a transition process from SF to digital, patient radiation doses could increase _________%

A

40–103%

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47
Q

When compared to SF, digital technology could increase patient radiation doses due to the _________ they have

A

Wide dynamic range

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48
Q

The _________ Useful for editing because it contributes for a better clinical image quality when compared to traditional SF systems

A

Dynamic range

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49
Q

The process of x-ray detection and read out digital detectors of digital system offer several advantages, one compared to SF systems and this are the following:

(5)

A

1) wide dynamic range
2) adjustable image processing
3) better image quality
4) rapid image acquisition
5) image access at remote locations

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50
Q

It can be used to manipulate the image, brightness and contrast to the suit needs of the observer

A

Windowing

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51
Q

It controls the density

A

Window length (WL)

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52
Q

It controls the contrast

A

Windows wave (WW)

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53
Q

DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY IMAGES may be reviewed and reported on a _________ in higher image quality for accurate diagnosis

A

Computer workstation

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54
Q

Digital radiography images may be reported and reviewed as the following

A

Magnification of areas of interest
Alteration of density
Measurements of distances and angles

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55
Q

This allows, various manipulations of images, as well as application of functions such as _________ and _________

A

Measurements of length
Angle measurements
Magnifying glass function

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56
Q

Digital radiographic imaging system MAJOR TECHNICAL COMPONENTS:

(3)

A

1) data acquisition
2) computer data processing
3) image display & post processing

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57
Q

It refers to the collection of x-rays transmitted through the patient.

A

Data acquisition

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58
Q

It is the first step in the production of image

A

Data acquisition

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59
Q

In digital radiography, _________ this are used to replace the x-ray film cassette that is used in film based radiography

A

Special electronic (digital) detectors

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60
Q

The light is collected by _________

A

Photodiodes

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61
Q

It it has several types and utilize various technologies convert x-ray to electrical signal

A

Digital detectors

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62
Q

This light is collected by photodiodes and converted into _________

A

Electric charge

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63
Q

This light is collected by photodiodes and converted into electric charge while a/an_________ converts it into a corresponding digital image

A

Analog –to– digital device

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64
Q

It converts x-rays to light or to electric charges

A

Photodiode / charge Collector

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65
Q

It collects charges from the upper layer

A

TFT array

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66
Q

It triggers the switching diodes

A

Electronic control

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67
Q

It connects each pixel to readout device

A

Switching diodes

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68
Q

It readout the electronic signal

A

Multiplexer

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69
Q

The conversion of analog signals into digital data is the function of the _________

A

Analog–to– digital converter (ADC)

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70
Q

The _________ sends digital data for processing by a computer.

A

ADC

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71
Q

The computer used in ADC uses special software to create or build up digital images using _________

A

Binary numbers system

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72
Q

The computers use the binary number system and operates with base ___ that is _________.

A

2, that is 0 or 1

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73
Q

This digits are referred to as binary digits or _________

A

Bits

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74
Q

Bits are not continuous rather they are

A

Discrete units

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75
Q

Computers operate by processing and transforming this discrete units (_________) into other discrete units (_________)

A

Binary numbers —————-> decimal numbers

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76
Q

The output of computer processing that is the digital image must first converted into an analog signal before it can be displayed on a monitor viewing by the observer. Such conversion is the function of the _________

A

Digital –to– analog converter (DAC)

77
Q

The image displayed for initial viewing can be processed, using a set of operation and techniques referred to as __________________, to transform the input image into an output image that suits the needs of the observed radiologist in order to enhance diagnosis.

A

Post processing techniques

78
Q

In this process, the operation can be used to reduce the image the image noise, enhance image sharpness

A

Image display, and post processing

79
Q

To simply change the image contrast or to stitch several image together to form one image. The effect of one common and popular digital image processing tool referred to as ____________

A

Gray – scale mapping

80
Q

Digital image processing tool can change the picture quality to suit the needs of the viewer

A

Gray – scale mapping

81
Q

The vast amount of images generated for the wide range of digital radiology examination must be stored in a two reasons or purposes

A

1) retrospective analysis
2) medico– legal purposes

82
Q

Various kinds of storage devices and systems are used for this purpose (retrospective analysis and medico legal purposes)

A

1) magnetic types, disk, and laser optical disks (for long term storage)

83
Q

The vast amount of images generated for the wide range of digital radiology examination must be stored for retrospective analysis and medico legal purposes

A

Image storage

84
Q

In PACS environment example such as ______________

A

RAID

85
Q

RAID means

A

Redundant array independent disk

86
Q

In the storage or system, images are stored or deleted after a period of time defined by the institution

A

Short term archival system

87
Q

Are concerned with a use of computer communication networks to transmit images from acquisition phase to display/ viewing and storage phase

A

Image and data communication

88
Q

If the image transmission is within hospital (intranet), this are used

A

Local area networks (LANs)

89
Q

This Network are used if images have to be sent outside the hospital to remote location (internet)

A

Wide area networks (WANs)

90
Q

PACS means

A

Picture archiving and communication system (PACS)

91
Q

This are being used for storing archiving and communicating images and digital radiology department

A

PACS

92
Q

Information systems (2) are now being integrated with the PACS via computer network

A

1) Radiology Information Sytem (RIS)
2) Hospital Information System (HIS)

93
Q

This communications standards are used for effective management of patient information

A

1) DICOM
2) HL-7

94
Q

DICOM means

A

Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine

95
Q

HL-7 means

A

Health Level- 7

96
Q

Important element of image and the documentation is ______________

A

Image compression

97
Q

Image compression function is to (2)

A

To reduce storage space
To decrease image transmission time

98
Q

Two popular compression method for used in digital radiology are

A

1) Lossless
2) Lossy

99
Q

Reversible compression

A

Lossless

100
Q

Irreversible compression

A

Lossy

101
Q

It refers to the use of PACS and information system, such as RIS and HIS to manage the vast number of images and text data produced in a digital radiology department with databases and file management software

A

Image and information management

102
Q

This handle essentially textual information, especially dealing with business operation for the enter hospital

A

RIS and HIS

103
Q

It handle images generated by the various digital imaging modalities

A

PACS

104
Q

PACS is also called as ______________

A

IMACS ( Image Management and Communication Systems )

105
Q

IMACS means

A

Image Management and Communication Systems

106
Q

______________ defines PACS

A

Mosby Medical Dictionary (2009)

107
Q

It is as a network of computers, used by radiology departments that replaces film with electronically stored and display digital images

A

PACS accrdg. To mosby Medical Dictionary

108
Q

Is a digital radiology, computer base system or medical device images award from patient

A

PACS

109
Q

We cannot transfer data without ______________

A

DICOM

110
Q

PACS J images acquired from patient are:

A

1) displayed on monitors for viewing and subsequent digital image post – processing

2) stored in archive and electronic form

3) transmitted to other locations via computer communication network

111
Q

______________ manage all information systems in any modalities

A

RIS PACS center

112
Q

The major components of the PACS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP includes
(6)

A

1) digital image acquisition modalities
2) database/image server
3) web server
4) archive server
5) short term and long term archive server
6) image display subsystem

113
Q

All functional relationships and components of PACS are connected via computer network using, ______________ and ______________

A

Gateways and switches

114
Q

PACS are integrate RIS – HIS through computer communication networks via ______________ and

A

RIS-PACS broker and Tele-PACS

115
Q

Sattelite connection to remote facilities

A

Tele –PACS

116
Q

The two standards and PACS environment

A

1) DICOM standard
2) HL-7

117
Q

Essentially addresses the communication of images (images data)

A

DICOM Standard

118
Q

A communication standard configured for information system, which addresses communication of textual data, such as demographics, admission, and discharge transfer, and the type of imaging examination and the radiology reports

A

HL-7

119
Q

The hardware components of PACS and the associated information systems (RIS-HIS) and are made possible via ______________

A

Computer networks

120
Q

This allow information to be transferred and shared among computers and consist of both hardware components, and then necessary software to enable the hardware to function

A

Networks

121
Q

Connects computers that are separated by short distances, such as within a radiology department, a building or two or more building

A

Local Area Network (LAN)

122
Q

Connect computers that are separated by large distances, such as in another state or country

A

Wide area network (WAN)

123
Q

It is the perfect example of wide area network (WAN)

A

internet

124
Q

The network apologies for LANs are (3)

A

1) Bus network
2) Star Network
3) Ring Network

125
Q

Computers (nodes) connected via a single cable

A

Bus network configuration

126
Q

It is where all computers are connected to a central or host computer called ______________

A

Hub

127
Q

It is where all computers are connected to a central or host computer called hub

A

Start network configuration

128
Q

It is a computer that is connected to 2 adjacent computer and all computer connections form a ring.

A

Ring network configuration

129
Q

In general computers are connected Wires

examples

A

Co-axial cables
Optical fiber cables

130
Q

Wireless connections

A

Radiowave
Microwave
Satellite links

131
Q

The data transfer rate of the network is called the__________

A

Bandwidth

132
Q

The band with Will vary, depending on the __________ connection between computers

A

Physical connections

133
Q

This is the unit of bandwidth

A

Megabits per second

134
Q

The exact unit of bandwidth

A

1Mbps = 10^6 bps

135
Q

Information sent through the network is divided into packets of __________ or __________ send via SWITCHING DEVICES to the appropriate computer on the network

A

Packets of fixed or Variable size

136
Q

It is referred to as an individual device

A

Node

137
Q

The connections among nodes are called

A

Links

138
Q

This is such protocol and in a PACS environment is the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol?

A

Communication protocol

139
Q

2 protocol in PACS

A

Transmission control protocol (TCP)
Internet protocol (IP)

140
Q

It divides the information to be transferred into packets

A

TCP

141
Q

It provides bandwidth web services for the information data an imaging data transfer time to the destination.

A

IP

142
Q

Images and data acquired from patients are sent via computer network to __________.

A

PACS main computer

143
Q

It is the heart of the system and consist of high end computers or servers

A

PACS main computer

144
Q

The PACS main computer is sometimes referred to as the

A

PACS controller

145
Q

The database server or the image server

A

PACS controller

146
Q

Images and patient data are sent from the __________

A

Acquisition gateway computer

147
Q

Storage technologies for PACS include: (2)

A

1) solid – state memory magnetic data carriers (disk & types)
2) optical disk

148
Q

Storage technologies for PACS INCLUDE SOLID STATE MEMORY, MAGNETIC DATA CARRIERS, AND OPTICAL disk

A

PACS image storage

149
Q

Storage technologies for PACS INCLUDE SOLID STATE MEMORY, MAGNETIC DATA CARRIERS, AND OPTICAL disk

A

PACS image storage

150
Q

One of the popular storage technology used in PACs is the __________

A

RAID ( redundant array of independent disks)

151
Q

It contains several magnetic or optical disks that can perform as a LARGE disk drive

A

RAID

152
Q

The result of RAID is an __________

A

ALS (Automated library system)

153
Q

ALS or automated library system is also also known as a “__________”

A

Juke box

154
Q

__________ are used primarily for short term storage

A

RAID

155
Q

Usually 0.5 inch magnetic type that is intended for long-term storage of images

A

Digital linear tape ( DLT)

156
Q

Digital linear tape (DLT) can be connected by a sub– network called __________

A

Storage area network (SAN)

157
Q

A fiber optic high-speed network sometimes referred to a FIBER CHANNEL

A

Storage area network (SAN)

158
Q

Storage area network is estimated up to about __________ megabits per second

A

100 megabits/ sec

159
Q

A dedicated image storage network for connecting storage devices in PACS

A

Storage area network (SAN)

160
Q

Other name for SAN

A

Fiber channel

161
Q

The purpose of this is to speed up transmission of information (textual data and images) and reduce storage requirements

A

Image compression

162
Q

It is where no information is lost in the process

A

Lossless compression / reversible compression

163
Q

It is where some information is lost in the process

A

Lossy compression/irreversible compression

164
Q

JPEG means

A

Joint photographic experts group

165
Q

For medical images, these two are present method

A

1) JPEG
2) DICOM

166
Q

It uses wavelets (wavelet compression) an effort to decrease the image size and enhance image quality.

A

JPEG 2000

167
Q

Display and Analysis Workstations

The_____________ is an essential component of PACS , since it provides a system-to-user interface.

A

Workstation

168
Q

The ultimate goal of _____________ to provide the radiologist in particular with a tool to make diagnosis and technologies to assess the overall image quality before the image is sent to the PACS server.

A

PACs Workstation

169
Q

is concerned primarily with the image data

A

PACS

170
Q

_____________ deals with textual data such as patient demographics

A

RIS

171
Q

In order for the PACS and the RIS to communicate each other, device needed to as a translator so that the communication can be effective and accurate and this device referred to as “_____________ “

A

RIS-PACS Broker

172
Q

The RIS/HIS/PACS be able to exchange data and permission is such a way that it is seamless technologist , radiologist, and other related personnel the hospital

A

System integration

173
Q

It means to combine. to perform this task requires a connection an interface to facilitate communication in order to make up the whole

A

Integration

174
Q

It is a computer program that sets up the rules for communication so that different systems can exchange data

A

Interface

175
Q

It deals with a flow of textual information Between the HIS and RIS in the other information system, such as NIS (nursing information system)

A

HL-7

176
Q

It deals primarily with the exchange of images in the radiology department and facilitates communication among specific imaging equipment

A

DICOM

177
Q

DICOM uses its own lingo, based on its model of the real world

A

DICOM information model

178
Q

The definition of this objects and attributes are standardized according to _____________ think about IODs as collections of attributes, describing IOD PROPERTIES.

A

DICOM information object definitions (IODs)

179
Q

PACS. Are directly related to _____________

A

DICOM

180
Q

PACS and DICOM are the standard incarnate and their functionality is _____________

A

DICOM-driven

181
Q

It can be described by patient name, ID sex age weight smoking status, as needed to capture our clinically relevant patient information.

A

Patient IOD

182
Q

It maintains a list of all standard attributes more than 2000

A

DICOM

183
Q

DICOM maintains a list of all standard attributes known as the _____________ which is to ensure consistency and attribute naming formatting and processing

A

DICOM data dictionary

184
Q

A processing with a service rendering model and It provides services to each other because each service usually involves some data exchange typically performed over a computer network.

A

Application entities

185
Q

It becomes natural to associate particular service types with the data (IODS) process and DICOM called these associations as _____________

A

Service-object Pairs (SOPs)

186
Q

It is the most essential planning guide for any DICOM– related project

A

DICOM Conformance Statement

187
Q

It is the most essential planning guide for any DICOM– related project

A

DICOM Conformance Statement

188
Q

The output of computer processing that is the digital image must first converted into an analog signal before it can be displayed on a monitor viewing by the observer. Such conversion is the function of the Digital-to-Analog converter

A

Image display and post processing

INFORMATICS AND IMAGING SCIENCE (1 decks)

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