Prelims Flashcards
Invisible image produced by the exposure to light of a photo sensitive material
Latent Image
A data that is based on own senses or observation, ex it has scientific laboratory test
Objective Data
This is information based on personal for an instance on how to get information given by the patient
Subjective data
The process of care in the role of imaging
1) identify the problem
2) develop a differential diagnosis
3) performed test
4) analyze results
5) conclude
This which entails identifying the problem and establishing a differential diagnosis
What is wrong?
This is which involves testing the differential diagnosis and determining the extent of the problem
How serious is it?
The which based on analysis of best results concludes with a treatment session
What to do
Diagnosis via imaging can fail for several reasons (4)
1) wrong study requested
2) poor study acquisition
3) poor study interpretation
4) poor study documentation/communication
Diagnosis via imaging can fail for several reasons (4)
1) wrong study requested
2) poor study acquisition
3) poor study interpretation
4) poor study documentation/communication
Factors in poor study acquisition (2)
1) improper technique
2) poor instrumentation/calibration
Factors in poor study interpretation
1) insufficient background
2) poor data presentation
3) poor reading skills
Five principal densities are recognized on plain radiographs in order of increasing density
1) air/gas (black)
2) fat (dark grey)
3) soft tissues/water (light gray)
4) bone (off white)
5) contrast material/metal (bright white)
1) air/gas (black) e.g
Lungs, bowel and stomach
2) fat (dark grey) example
Subcutaneous tissue layer, retroperitoneal fat
3) soft tissues/water (light gray)
Example
Solid organs, heart, blood vessels, muscle, and fluid -filled organs, such as bladder
This is the year where the discovery of x-ray and radiology
1895
It has been the work horse of ever since the discovery of x-ray
Film – screen radiography
He discovered the x-ray
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
It entered into the domain of digital imaging or filmless imaging as it sometimes referred to
Today film– screen radiography
It is the goal of radiology departments to eliminate ___________ and introduce new technologies for the purpose of improving diagnostic interpretation and digital image management and to reduce the radiation dose to patients
Film – based imaging system
This technologies include not only digital image acquisition modalities, but also ___________
Digital image processing and display, storage, image, communication, or transmission
Digital image acquisition modalities includes:
Computer radiography
Digital radiography
Digital mammography
Digital fluoroscopy
Vascular imaging
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Nuclear medicine
Diagnostics medical sonography
Digital radiography is also refers as
Projection radiography
Filmless radiography
He referred digital radiography as projection radiography
Euclid Seeram
Computers process data collected from patients using special electronic detectors that have replaced the x-ray film cassette
Digital radiography
The ___________ measure and convert x-ray attenuation data from the patient into electronic (analog) signals that are subsequently converted into digital data for processing by a computer.
Detectors
The result of this processing is a ________ that must be converted so that it can be viewed on a computer monitor
Digital image
The detectors measure and convert ___________ from the patient into electronic (analog) signals that are subsequently converted into digital data for processing by a computer.
X-ray attenuation data
The detectors measure and convert x-ray attenuation data from the patient into _________ that are subsequently converted into digital data for processing by a computer.
electronic (analog) signals
The displayed image can be manipulated using a variety of _________ to Enhance the interpretation of diagnostic radiology images
Digital image processing techniques
It also includes image and information management systems, image, storage and image communication
Digital radiography
The film image appears with varying _________ as a result of the amount of exposure, transmitted by different parts of the anatomy
Degrees of blackening
_________ reduces more blackening. _________ produces less blackening.
More exposure
Less exposure
The blackening is referred to as _________
Film density
The difference in densities in the image is referred to as_________
Film contrast
The _________ therefore, converts the radiation transmitted by the various of _________ into film contrast.
1) film
2) of tissues (tissue contrast)
It is one of the major problems with the radiographic imaging process is _________ if the initial ration exposure has not been accurately determined.
Poor image quality
If the radiation exposure is too high, the film is _________
Overexposed
The process image appears too dark, and the radiologist cannot make a diagnosis from such image
Overexposed
It refers to structure that are less dense and permit x-ray beam to pass through them
Radiolucent
It refers to the structure that are dense and resist the passage of x-ray
Radiopaque
This film optical density is considered as over exposure or dark image
3.00-3.50
This is the toe region and it is under exposure or light image
0.50-1.00
The straight line region or slope of the curve and it is useful density range. It is the correct exposure and acceptable image.
2.00
The technical factors concerning _________ are some that could influence the complex process of the transition from an SF environment to a new digital environment
Image acquisition
Management of patient dose
Diagnostic image quality
In a transition process from SF to digital, patient radiation doses could increase _________%
40–103%
When compared to SF, digital technology could increase patient radiation doses due to the _________ they have
Wide dynamic range
The _________ Useful for editing because it contributes for a better clinical image quality when compared to traditional SF systems
Dynamic range
The process of x-ray detection and read out digital detectors of digital system offer several advantages, one compared to SF systems and this are the following:
(5)
1) wide dynamic range
2) adjustable image processing
3) better image quality
4) rapid image acquisition
5) image access at remote locations
It can be used to manipulate the image, brightness and contrast to the suit needs of the observer
Windowing
It controls the density
Window length (WL)
It controls the contrast
Windows wave (WW)
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY IMAGES may be reviewed and reported on a _________ in higher image quality for accurate diagnosis
Computer workstation
Digital radiography images may be reported and reviewed as the following
Magnification of areas of interest
Alteration of density
Measurements of distances and angles
This allows, various manipulations of images, as well as application of functions such as _________ and _________
Measurements of length
Angle measurements
Magnifying glass function
Digital radiographic imaging system MAJOR TECHNICAL COMPONENTS:
(3)
1) data acquisition
2) computer data processing
3) image display & post processing
It refers to the collection of x-rays transmitted through the patient.
Data acquisition
It is the first step in the production of image
Data acquisition
In digital radiography, _________ this are used to replace the x-ray film cassette that is used in film based radiography
Special electronic (digital) detectors
The light is collected by _________
Photodiodes
It it has several types and utilize various technologies convert x-ray to electrical signal
Digital detectors
This light is collected by photodiodes and converted into _________
Electric charge
This light is collected by photodiodes and converted into electric charge while a/an_________ converts it into a corresponding digital image
Analog –to– digital device
It converts x-rays to light or to electric charges
Photodiode / charge Collector
It collects charges from the upper layer
TFT array
It triggers the switching diodes
Electronic control
It connects each pixel to readout device
Switching diodes
It readout the electronic signal
Multiplexer
The conversion of analog signals into digital data is the function of the _________
Analog–to– digital converter (ADC)
The _________ sends digital data for processing by a computer.
ADC
The computer used in ADC uses special software to create or build up digital images using _________
Binary numbers system
The computers use the binary number system and operates with base ___ that is _________.
2, that is 0 or 1
This digits are referred to as binary digits or _________
Bits
Bits are not continuous rather they are
Discrete units
Computers operate by processing and transforming this discrete units (_________) into other discrete units (_________)
Binary numbers —————-> decimal numbers
The output of computer processing that is the digital image must first converted into an analog signal before it can be displayed on a monitor viewing by the observer. Such conversion is the function of the _________
Digital –to– analog converter (DAC)
The image displayed for initial viewing can be processed, using a set of operation and techniques referred to as __________________, to transform the input image into an output image that suits the needs of the observed radiologist in order to enhance diagnosis.
Post processing techniques
In this process, the operation can be used to reduce the image the image noise, enhance image sharpness
Image display, and post processing
To simply change the image contrast or to stitch several image together to form one image. The effect of one common and popular digital image processing tool referred to as ____________
Gray – scale mapping
Digital image processing tool can change the picture quality to suit the needs of the viewer
Gray – scale mapping
The vast amount of images generated for the wide range of digital radiology examination must be stored in a two reasons or purposes
1) retrospective analysis
2) medico– legal purposes
Various kinds of storage devices and systems are used for this purpose (retrospective analysis and medico legal purposes)
1) magnetic types, disk, and laser optical disks (for long term storage)
The vast amount of images generated for the wide range of digital radiology examination must be stored for retrospective analysis and medico legal purposes
Image storage
In PACS environment example such as ______________
RAID
RAID means
Redundant array independent disk
In the storage or system, images are stored or deleted after a period of time defined by the institution
Short term archival system
Are concerned with a use of computer communication networks to transmit images from acquisition phase to display/ viewing and storage phase
Image and data communication
If the image transmission is within hospital (intranet), this are used
Local area networks (LANs)
This Network are used if images have to be sent outside the hospital to remote location (internet)
Wide area networks (WANs)
PACS means
Picture archiving and communication system (PACS)
This are being used for storing archiving and communicating images and digital radiology department
PACS
Information systems (2) are now being integrated with the PACS via computer network
1) Radiology Information Sytem (RIS)
2) Hospital Information System (HIS)
This communications standards are used for effective management of patient information
1) DICOM
2) HL-7
DICOM means
Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine
HL-7 means
Health Level- 7
Important element of image and the documentation is ______________
Image compression
Image compression function is to (2)
To reduce storage space
To decrease image transmission time
Two popular compression method for used in digital radiology are
1) Lossless
2) Lossy
Reversible compression
Lossless
Irreversible compression
Lossy
It refers to the use of PACS and information system, such as RIS and HIS to manage the vast number of images and text data produced in a digital radiology department with databases and file management software
Image and information management
This handle essentially textual information, especially dealing with business operation for the enter hospital
RIS and HIS
It handle images generated by the various digital imaging modalities
PACS
PACS is also called as ______________
IMACS ( Image Management and Communication Systems )
IMACS means
Image Management and Communication Systems
______________ defines PACS
Mosby Medical Dictionary (2009)
It is as a network of computers, used by radiology departments that replaces film with electronically stored and display digital images
PACS accrdg. To mosby Medical Dictionary
Is a digital radiology, computer base system or medical device images award from patient
PACS
We cannot transfer data without ______________
DICOM
PACS J images acquired from patient are:
1) displayed on monitors for viewing and subsequent digital image post – processing
2) stored in archive and electronic form
3) transmitted to other locations via computer communication network
______________ manage all information systems in any modalities
RIS PACS center
The major components of the PACS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP includes
(6)
1) digital image acquisition modalities
2) database/image server
3) web server
4) archive server
5) short term and long term archive server
6) image display subsystem
All functional relationships and components of PACS are connected via computer network using, ______________ and ______________
Gateways and switches
PACS are integrate RIS – HIS through computer communication networks via ______________ and
RIS-PACS broker and Tele-PACS
Sattelite connection to remote facilities
Tele –PACS
The two standards and PACS environment
1) DICOM standard
2) HL-7
Essentially addresses the communication of images (images data)
DICOM Standard
A communication standard configured for information system, which addresses communication of textual data, such as demographics, admission, and discharge transfer, and the type of imaging examination and the radiology reports
HL-7
The hardware components of PACS and the associated information systems (RIS-HIS) and are made possible via ______________
Computer networks
This allow information to be transferred and shared among computers and consist of both hardware components, and then necessary software to enable the hardware to function
Networks
Connects computers that are separated by short distances, such as within a radiology department, a building or two or more building
Local Area Network (LAN)
Connect computers that are separated by large distances, such as in another state or country
Wide area network (WAN)
It is the perfect example of wide area network (WAN)
internet
The network apologies for LANs are (3)
1) Bus network
2) Star Network
3) Ring Network
Computers (nodes) connected via a single cable
Bus network configuration
It is where all computers are connected to a central or host computer called ______________
Hub
It is where all computers are connected to a central or host computer called hub
Start network configuration
It is a computer that is connected to 2 adjacent computer and all computer connections form a ring.
Ring network configuration
In general computers are connected Wires
examples
Co-axial cables
Optical fiber cables
Wireless connections
Radiowave
Microwave
Satellite links
The data transfer rate of the network is called the__________
Bandwidth
The band with Will vary, depending on the __________ connection between computers
Physical connections
This is the unit of bandwidth
Megabits per second
The exact unit of bandwidth
1Mbps = 10^6 bps
Information sent through the network is divided into packets of __________ or __________ send via SWITCHING DEVICES to the appropriate computer on the network
Packets of fixed or Variable size
It is referred to as an individual device
Node
The connections among nodes are called
Links
This is such protocol and in a PACS environment is the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol?
Communication protocol
2 protocol in PACS
Transmission control protocol (TCP)
Internet protocol (IP)
It divides the information to be transferred into packets
TCP
It provides bandwidth web services for the information data an imaging data transfer time to the destination.
IP
Images and data acquired from patients are sent via computer network to __________.
PACS main computer
It is the heart of the system and consist of high end computers or servers
PACS main computer
The PACS main computer is sometimes referred to as the
PACS controller
The database server or the image server
PACS controller
Images and patient data are sent from the __________
Acquisition gateway computer
Storage technologies for PACS include: (2)
1) solid – state memory magnetic data carriers (disk & types)
2) optical disk
Storage technologies for PACS INCLUDE SOLID STATE MEMORY, MAGNETIC DATA CARRIERS, AND OPTICAL disk
PACS image storage
Storage technologies for PACS INCLUDE SOLID STATE MEMORY, MAGNETIC DATA CARRIERS, AND OPTICAL disk
PACS image storage
One of the popular storage technology used in PACs is the __________
RAID ( redundant array of independent disks)
It contains several magnetic or optical disks that can perform as a LARGE disk drive
RAID
The result of RAID is an __________
ALS (Automated library system)
ALS or automated library system is also also known as a “__________”
Juke box
__________ are used primarily for short term storage
RAID
Usually 0.5 inch magnetic type that is intended for long-term storage of images
Digital linear tape ( DLT)
Digital linear tape (DLT) can be connected by a sub– network called __________
Storage area network (SAN)
A fiber optic high-speed network sometimes referred to a FIBER CHANNEL
Storage area network (SAN)
Storage area network is estimated up to about __________ megabits per second
100 megabits/ sec
A dedicated image storage network for connecting storage devices in PACS
Storage area network (SAN)
Other name for SAN
Fiber channel
The purpose of this is to speed up transmission of information (textual data and images) and reduce storage requirements
Image compression
It is where no information is lost in the process
Lossless compression / reversible compression
It is where some information is lost in the process
Lossy compression/irreversible compression
JPEG means
Joint photographic experts group
For medical images, these two are present method
1) JPEG
2) DICOM
It uses wavelets (wavelet compression) an effort to decrease the image size and enhance image quality.
JPEG 2000
Display and Analysis Workstations
The_____________ is an essential component of PACS , since it provides a system-to-user interface.
Workstation
The ultimate goal of _____________ to provide the radiologist in particular with a tool to make diagnosis and technologies to assess the overall image quality before the image is sent to the PACS server.
PACs Workstation
is concerned primarily with the image data
PACS
_____________ deals with textual data such as patient demographics
RIS
In order for the PACS and the RIS to communicate each other, device needed to as a translator so that the communication can be effective and accurate and this device referred to as “_____________ “
RIS-PACS Broker
The RIS/HIS/PACS be able to exchange data and permission is such a way that it is seamless technologist , radiologist, and other related personnel the hospital
System integration
It means to combine. to perform this task requires a connection an interface to facilitate communication in order to make up the whole
Integration
It is a computer program that sets up the rules for communication so that different systems can exchange data
Interface
It deals with a flow of textual information Between the HIS and RIS in the other information system, such as NIS (nursing information system)
HL-7
It deals primarily with the exchange of images in the radiology department and facilitates communication among specific imaging equipment
DICOM
DICOM uses its own lingo, based on its model of the real world
DICOM information model
The definition of this objects and attributes are standardized according to _____________ think about IODs as collections of attributes, describing IOD PROPERTIES.
DICOM information object definitions (IODs)
PACS. Are directly related to _____________
DICOM
PACS and DICOM are the standard incarnate and their functionality is _____________
DICOM-driven
It can be described by patient name, ID sex age weight smoking status, as needed to capture our clinically relevant patient information.
Patient IOD
It maintains a list of all standard attributes more than 2000
DICOM
DICOM maintains a list of all standard attributes known as the _____________ which is to ensure consistency and attribute naming formatting and processing
DICOM data dictionary
A processing with a service rendering model and It provides services to each other because each service usually involves some data exchange typically performed over a computer network.
Application entities
It becomes natural to associate particular service types with the data (IODS) process and DICOM called these associations as _____________
Service-object Pairs (SOPs)
It is the most essential planning guide for any DICOM– related project
DICOM Conformance Statement
It is the most essential planning guide for any DICOM– related project
DICOM Conformance Statement
The output of computer processing that is the digital image must first converted into an analog signal before it can be displayed on a monitor viewing by the observer. Such conversion is the function of the Digital-to-Analog converter
Image display and post processing
