Prelims Flashcards
ACT DEFINING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN
R.A 9262
“any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act,
unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to
traffic women’s sexuality, using coercion, threats of
harm or physical force, by any person, regardless of the
relationship with the victim, in any setting, including but
not limited to home, school, prison, the streets and at
work.
”
SEXUAL ASSAULT
refers to any sexual, physical, verbal, or visual act that
forces a person to engage in sexual contact against their will or without their affirmative consent.
Sexual assault
10 signs you are being sexually harassed
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EFFECTS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT
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SIGNS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT
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CONSENT
● A clear “yes” to sexual activity.
● One knows and understand what’s going on
● One knows what he/she wanted to do
● One is able to say what he/she wanted to do
● One is sober
There is no legal consent if a person is:
● Threatened, forced, coerced, or manipulated into agreeing to
engage in a sexual activity
● Not physically able to engage in a sexual activity (when one is
drunk, high, drugged, passed out, or asleep)
● Not mentally able to give consent (due to illness or disability)
● Younger than 12 years old (in the Philippines)
Is rape or sexual assault perpetrated by someone
unknown to the survivor.
Stranger Rape
The perpetrator rapidly and brutally assaults the victim with no prior contact.
Blitz Sexual Assault:
usually occur at night in a public place.
Blitz assaults
The perpetrator works to gain trust and confidence before assaulting.
Contact Sexual Assault
Sexual abuse by a relative, sexual contact/abuse between family members.
Incest
The survivor and the perpetrator are known to each other, whether by passing acquaintance or someone the survivor knows intimately.
Acquaintance Rape
Is a form of child abuse that includes sexual activity with a minor. A child cannot consent to any form of sexual activity, period.
Child Sexual Abuse
Unlawful intercourse with a minor
Statutory Rape
Women who have been physically abused by their partner have often experienced sexual abuse
Spousal/Partner Rape
– the state of deviating away from the standard / norm
Deviancy
– deviation from the “normal” sexual acts
Sexual Deviancy
This concept refers to behaviors that involve individuals seeking erotic gratification through means that are considered odd, different, or unacceptable to either most or influential persons in one’s community.
Sexual Deviancy
What is “Normal” Sex?
What is normal to one person may be quite offensive or even bizarre to another. Even as one ages from adolescence to older adulthood, private sexual standards may change
SEXUAL STANDARDS DEFINING NORMAL SEX
STATISTICAL STANDARD
● Defining criterion are the numbers
● If more than 50% of the population practice a certain sexual
behavior, it is then considered normal;
● Validates normalcy for a person / group of persons who practice that
particular sexual act;
● Can be dangerous; it can define lawbreaking as normal.
SEXUAL STANDARDS DEFINING NORMAL SEX
CULTURAL STANDARD
● Based on the set normal rules and regulations with changing
sanctions that accommodate transgression of its rule, which often
take the form of laws, statutes, and ordinances;
● The concept of what behavior is appropriate and what behavior is
deviant is relative; it depends on the norms of the society at a
specific time.
● Sexual acts are based on the commandments of the faith as to what act is wrong or right, son or not;
RELIGIOUS NORMALCY
○ Sex is something that is a duty of one spouse for the other, not to be enjoyed but endured;
● Traditional Sexual Philosophy:
Sexual acts belong to those who are legally and spiritually married and done only under specific condition.
● Traditional Sexual Philosophy:
SEXUAL STANDARDS DEFINING NORMAL SEX
SUBJECTIVE STANDARD
● Legitimizes behavior in the same fashion as the other standards, but
at a personal level;
● This involves how a person personally rationalizes the act.
● A person must feel that what he/she is doing is not only normal, but
“really not that bad”
- Ranges from simple to complex or it may be escalating
Fantasy
– inanimate object to which one has attached sexual feelings
Fetish
If you’re calling someone “daddy” in bed, you’re
engaging in light ——.
Age Play
is a sex act that focuses on stimulating your partner’s anus via licking, penetrating with the tongue, kissing, or any other type of oral
stimulation.
Anilingus
ELEMENTS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
- Fantasy- Ranges from simple to complex or it may be escalating
- Symbolism
Fetish– inanimate object to which one has attached sexual feelings
● A ____ subcategory, this involves becoming sexually aroused from harsh or scratchy surfaces such as sandpaper or steel wool.
Fetish
BDSM
is a form of restraint. It’s a sex act that falls within the BDSM umbrella, which is an acronym for “bondage, discipline, dominance and submission, sadism and masochism” and a group of common sexual fantasies.
Bondage
is when a heterosexual couple agrees to both explore the turn-on of the female sleeping with other men and humiliating her male partner about the fact
that she’s sleeping with someone else
Cuckolding
, also known as sitophilia, refers to a kind of fetish in which individuals are turned on by food in an erotic setting.
Food play
● refers to lightly choking on an object to the point of making gagging sounds. Often people with penises will get off on their partner gagging on them—and the knowledge that they’re big enough to induce gagging noises.
Gagging
is the sexual arousal from having sex or masturbating in front of mirrors or reflective surfaces.
Katoptronophilia
is deriving pleasure from the high sensation most
often referred to as pain, be that physical or emotional
Masochism
is another common kink, which involves people taking on characters outside of their day-to-day lives as part of a sex scene.
Role playing
, also referred to as hair fetishism, is the erotic
attraction to hair. The hair in question can be human hair—armpit, chest, pubic, head—or even animal fur, but it is most commonly human head hair.
Trichophilia
is someone who derives sexual pleasure from watching others get it on. When we speak about ____ from a kink perspective, we’re talking about consensualvoyeurism.
voyeur
– isolated part of the body which sexual feelings had been attached (e.g. breasts, legs, buttocks)
Partialism
- The compulsive feelings well up inside the serial sex offender and launch him into action
Compulsion
• Proposes that individuals learn criminal acts and deeds and acquire motivations to commit crime from those things and people around them.
Social Learning Theory
“Crime is learned thru experiences and people involved in those experiences.”
Social Learning Theory
there are three phases in which violent antisocial behavior is learned in interaction with an individual’s environment:
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–The individual begins to assimilate into his or her personality characteristics of others by the process of observational learning.
The Acquisition Phase
- factors that propel an individual into action
Instigation Mechanism
- They form the process by which inappropriate or aggressive tendencies are kept in the personal repertoire of individuals.
Maintaining Mechanisms
Steps Involved in the Observational Learning and Modeling Process:
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In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that detracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning.
Attention:
The ability to store information and is important part of the learning process.
—- can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.
Retention:
Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. Further practice of the learned behavior leads to improvement and skill advancement.
Reproduction:
Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation. While experiencing these motivators can be highly effective, so can observing other experience some type of reinforcement or punishment.
Motivation:
- Psychological theories of crime suggest that some offenses may be caused by mental factors or
conflicts.
Psychodynamic Theories
Assumed that all people are born with innate drives to fulfill their wishes and urges. These drives include the motivation to eat, sleep and engage in sexual behavior to satisfy themselves and populate the species.
Psychodynamic Theories
- could develop during the phallic stage (primary focus of the libido is on the genitals) of
development, and is characterized by competition between father and son for the mother’s affection.
Oedipal Conflict
results from boys and girls discovering the differences in their genitalia.
Castration Anxiety and Penis Envy
three elements of the human psyche:
the id,
the ego, and
the superego.
(pleasure principle)- basis of desire, seeks instant gratification.
Id
(reality principle)- mediator of id and superego
Ego
(conscience)- responsible for decisions based on past experiences of rewards and punishments
Superego
posit that sex offenders at some point in life have experienced a fissure in their personality and psychosocial development and that the offender does not truly understand why he/she desires or engages in these socially, and often legally prohibited acts
psychodynamic theories
• In this theory, it is believed that the acts of violence are due to abnormal hormonal levels produced in the body.
Biological Theories
• Focuses primarily on rape; specifically, they center around the motivation of men to commit acts of sexual
violence against women.
Feminist Theories
• Humans have a natural propensity to form emotional bonds to others, and that models of bonding in infancy provide a framework for understanding attachment patterns in adulthood
Attachment Theories
four categories of attachment styles:
secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing.
- has positive concept of himself and others, and as a result is able to make friends and have age-appropriate relationships.
Secure Attachment
- has poor self-esteem and low, but does have a positive attitude towards self-confidenced others and often needs their assistance to deal with personal matters.
Preoccupied Attachment
- poor self-concept and a poor concept of others, thus often blaming himself for his problem but being frightened to talk to others about these problems.
Fearful Attachment
- has both positive self-concept and a high level of self-confidence, yet he has a negative concept of others and does not seek out help or support.
Dismissing Attachment
were developed in an effort to build on the foundation of behavioral theories by taking into account the thoughts of offenders as well as their behaviors.
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories
• The combination of social and psychological concepts.
Psychosocial Theories
indicate that childhood experiences predict a modeling effect because experiences in childhood relationships provide basis for the formation of adult relationships.
Integrated Theories
Two types of abuser’s blockage:
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-the abuser is prevented from moving into the adult sexual
stage of development (an internal blockage)
Developmental Blockage
–the abuser is unable to attain or maintain an adult relationship due to external factors such as frustration from a relationship with an adult
Situational Blockage
• Not all human beings are born equal or with a blank slate.
Sociobiological Trait Theory
The combination of our biological differences and the environment we are all brought up in all predispose
individuals to making rational choices or preclude them from making rational choices or preclude them
from making rational choices about engaging in a life of crime or participating in illicit activities.
Sociobiological Trait Theory
this stage begins at the start of puberty when the sexual urges are reawakened.
Genital Stage
In this stage, the sexual pleasure comes from someone outside the family.
Genital Stage
focuses on feelings of inferiority, which he perceives as a normal condition of all people and a source of all human striving.
Adler’s theory
Alfred
It centers on the emotions that individuals experience due to their interactions and disagreements.
Adler’s theory
Alfred
Exaggerated feelings of inadequacy and insecurity often lead to defensiveness or anxiety. Individuals who first feel less competent than their peers subsequently develop feelings of inadequacy.
Inferiority Complex
WHO determined that establishing early social attachment with a caregiver is crucial for typical infant social development.
John Bowlby
was that a child needs a close and enduring bond with their mother for optimal mental health, where both parties derive happiness and fulfilment.
Bowlby’s fundamental discovery
ATTACHMENT THEORY
are diverse conditions that impact a person’s cognitive processes, emotions, and actions. These disorders significantly affect an individual’s daily functioning and may necessitate medical medical or psychological treatments.
Mental illnesses
a form of developmental disability that typically manifests in individuals under 18 years old.
Mental Retardation
refers to a degree of cognitive ability, assessed through regular intelligence assessments, that falls far below the norm and leads to notable constraints in the individual’s functioning.
Mental Retardation
identified by a childlike level of reaction, absence of moral awareness, Tack of empathy towards others, and aggression towards both others and the surroundings.
Psychosis
It is a severe form of mental disorder that impacts a person’s personality, causing changes in their thoughts, emotions, and cognitive abilities such as memory and attention.
Psychosis
is a mental health condition characterized by heightened levels of unfavourable feelings such as unease, stress, fear, and panic.
Anxiety
It is a widespread sense of unease, dread, or stress that could be linked to a specific thing or situation or could be undefined, not linked to any particular thing.
Anxiety
The theory of behaviour posits that human behaviour, including vilent actions, is acquired through engaging with the social environment.
BEHAVIORAL THEORY
The theory suggests that individuals acquire behaviour and attitudes by observing, imitating, and modelling after others
SLT
outlines how the interconnected influences of cognition, behaviour, and environment shape human behaviour.
Social learning theory
In the experiment, it was found that children who saw the violent model were more likely to copy the behavior they saw.
Bobo Doll
suggests that cognitive processes are the main drivers of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
Cognitive theory
The cognitive theory is linked to the examination of crime and violence, which is the perspective focusing on moral and intellectual development
Cognitive theory
serve as an internal model of reality. They aid a person in comprehending the world around them.
Schemas
are mental frameworks that depict a specific part of reality and can be viewed as classifications that contain certain predetermined notions,
Schemas
This involves incorporating a new experience into an already established cognitive structure or schema.
Assimilation
involves changing the schema, potentially leading to the creation of a new schema.
Accommodation
is reached when a child’s existing mental structures can readily incorporate new information through assimilating it.
Equilibrium
is the reason children can transition from one stage of thinking to another.
Equilibrium
analyses that criminality results from an internal and unavoidable cause versus that of a controlled decision.
Psychological positivism
Who theorized this in the 1800s; he proposes that the cause of criminality is rooted in the offender’s mental illness or personality disorders.
Alexander Lacassagne
such as mood disorder, dispute behaviour disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, antisocial personality, and psychopathic personality are some of the mental illness that causes a person to commit a crime.
Personality disorders
proposes psychodynamic or psychoanalytic theory. He emphasized the instinctual and unconscious bases of human behaviour.
Sigmund Freud
He argued that everyone has an instinctual drive called id that demands gratification, superego is the moral and ethical codes that regulate these drives, and adults then develop a rational personality called ego that moderates between the id and superego,
Sigmund Freud
It blames criminal behaviour on a conscience that is either so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt or so weak that it cannot control the individual’s impulses and leads to a need for immediate gratification.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
is the source of the instinctual drives, it contains everything present at birth.
The Id
based on the pleasure principle.
The Id
is the moderator or referee between the id’s and the superego’s demands.
The ego
The reality principle operates the —-; it represents reason and good sense.
The ego
concentrates on morality and evaluates a person’s conduct and deeds.
The superego
It develops due to the moral constraints taught to us by our parents.
The superego
It is the ways of coping with difficult feelings and the mind’s way of dealing with stress.
DEFENSE MECHANISM
coping strategies. They involve a distortion of reality that allows an individual to navigate an anxiety-provoking situation.
DEFENSE MECHANISM
It is the unconscious mechanism in which the ego pushes disturbing or threatening thoughts out of consciousness.
REPRESSION
An individual intentionally forgets the painful ideas or impulses to protect himself
REPRESSION
Umbrella to which all the defense mechanism exist.
Denial
just failing to admit that an event occurred in the actual world.
Denial
The individual blames others for their own difficulties and responsible for his mistakes and shortcomings.
PROJECTION
Redirecting of thoughts, feelings, and impulses at one person or object that are less threatening.
DISPLACEMENT
A common example is the displaced aggression.
DISPLACEMENT
In response to any stressful and overwhelming situations,
the individual regresses in development, takes the position of a child, and acts like a child to cope with the trauma.
REGRESSION
A defense mechanism involves satisfying an impulse by acting on a substitute but channelling and doing it in a socially acceptable manner.
SUBLIMATION
This is the first stage; infants experience the world through their mouths during the first year of life.
Oral Stage
The pleasure centers around the mouth; all of the desires are oriented towards the lips and the mouth.
Oral Stage
This stage occurs between 18 months to 3 years old.
Anal Stage
The child’s focus of pleasure is on the anus. The child finds satisfaction in eliminating and retaining feces.
Anal Stage
This stage occurs during 3-6 years of age. The pleasure of the child is now focused on the genitals.
Phallic Stage
The children at this age are interested in what makes boys and girls different.
Phallic Stage
The boys begin to develop a sexual desire towards his mother and see his father as a rival for her affection.
Oedipus Complex
The child starts to worry that his father is becoming suspicious of his love for his mother and will discover his feelings for her. The punishment that the boy fears is castration.
Oedipus Complex
That girls may experience the development of unconscious sexual attraction towards their fathers.
Electra Complex
This stage occurs from age six until puberty;
Latency Stage
In this stage, the child represses all interest in sexuality and focuses on the equisition of physical and academic skills.
Latency Stage
The initial phase of cognitive development spans from birth to language development.
Sensorimotor Stage
Infants develop knowledge of their environment by connecting what they see and hear with their movements and actions.
Sensorimotor Stage
It includes children aged approximately 2-7, which aligns with the preschool
age range.
Pre-operational Stage
In this phase, the child acquires the ability to utilize and depict objects through images, words, and drawings.
The child can develop reliable concepts, logical thinking, and magical beliefs.
Pre-operational Stage
It occurs between the ages of 2 and 4.
At this point, the child’s verbal communication skills are improving, but their speech remains self-centered.
The Preconceptual Stage
Communication becomes more focused on interaction with others and less
centered on oneself.
Intuitive Stage
Children rely on their instincts or feelings to determine truth, even though they cannot articulate the reasoning behind those feelings.
Intuitive Stage
This phase, after the preoperational stage, takes place from ages 7 to 11 and is known for correctly applying reasoning.
Concrete-operational Stage
Our brain learns to rearrange our thoughts, to classify and build concrete operational mental structures.
Concrete-operational Stage
○ This phase starts during the teenage years and continues into adulthood.
Formal Operational Stage
The use of symbols related to abstract concepts is a demonstration of intelligence.
By now, the individual can engage in abstract and logical thinking methods.
Formal Operational Stage
