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PRELIMS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is the genetic material present in the cells of all living organisms. It is the fundamental building block for an individual’s entire genetic make-up

A

DNA

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2
Q

is a most powerful tool for human identification and has clear forensic applications in identity testing (crime scene and mass disaster investigations) and parentage determination.

A

DNA analysis

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3
Q

can sometimes prove a person’s innocence or guilt, or, at least, it can prove whether a person was in the vicinity of the crime scene.

A

DNA

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4
Q

is responsible for building and maintaining one’s human structure. Our

A

DNA

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5
Q

Structurally, it is a double-helix composed of two complimentary strands.

A

DNA

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6
Q

It looks like a twisted ladder (double helix) and is found inside the nucleus of our cells.

A

DNA

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7
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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8
Q

All genetic code is made up of combinations of four chemical units called

A

nucleotides

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9
Q

four chemical units called nucleotides:

A
  • ADENINE (A)
  • THYMINE (T)
  • CYTOSINE (C)
  • GUANINE (G)
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10
Q

Adenine pairs with

A

Thymine (A with T)

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11
Q

Guanine pairs with

A

Cytosine (G with C)

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12
Q

occurs in different combinations to code for a specific amino acid.

A

A, C, G and T

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13
Q

are the building blocks for proteins. This means our DNA codes for different proteins that perform specific functions in our body.

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

It is the detection, classification and study of various bodily fluids such as blood, semen, fecal matter and perspiration and their relationship to a crime scene

A

FORENSIC SEROLOGY

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15
Q

A range of laboratory tests using antigens and antibodies

A

SEROLOGY

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16
Q

is a foreign substance that enters your body. This can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, allergens, venom and other various toxins.

A

antigen

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17
Q

is a protein produced by your immune system to attack and fight off these antigens.

A

antibody

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18
Q

It is a specialized bodily fluid that is composed of two substances – cells and plasma.

It is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to and transporting wastes and carbon dioxide from cells, tissues, and organs.

A

BLOOD

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19
Q

ɷ Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues
ɷ Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
ɷ Carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection
ɷ Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood
ɷ Regulating body temperature
ɷ Regulating pH of the body fluids

A

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

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20
Q

the two main organs that regulate the pH of the blood, often at the same time.

A

lungs and kidneys

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21
Q

can help regulate blood pH rapidly through the process of exhaling carbon dioxide, sometimes producing changes within seconds

A

lungs

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22
Q

the actual cellular components of the blood

A

Formed elements (45%)

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23
Q

is the fluid portion of the blood

A

Plasma (55%)

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24
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells)

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25
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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26
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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27
Q

ɷ Contain haemoglobin and distribute oxygen
ɷ Account for ~93% of all blood cells
ɷ Represent ~25% of all cells in the body
ɷ Over 2 million made every second
ɷ Live for about 120 days before recycled

A

ERYTHROCYTES

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28
Q

is a measure of RBC volume (45% of whole blood)

A

Haematocrit

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29
Q

ɷ Function in the immune system
ɷ Five types categorized by immune target and function
ɷ Account for ~0.1% of all blood cells
ɷ Live for 3-4 days before recycled
ɷ Main component of pus

A

LEUKOCYTES

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30
Q

ɷ Responsible for blood clotting
ɷ Produced by fragmentation of larger stem cells
ɷ Account for ~7% of all blood cells
ɷ “Live” for 5-9 days before recycled
ɷ Form long fibers to trap RBCs and form scab

A

THROMBOCYTES

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31
Q

ɷ The fluid portion of blood and accounts for 55% of the blood content.
ɷ It is mostly water, and it contains the clotting factors, other proteins, hormones, and various chemicals.
ɷ Serum is the liquid that separates

A

PLASMA

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32
Q

is the liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed

A

Serum

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33
Q

PARTS OF PLASMA PROTEINS Determined by means of

A

Electrophoresis

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34
Q

A Phenolphthalein solution is used to show the possible presence of blood based upon a peroxidase reaction of hemoglobin which produces a pink color.

A

PHENOLPHTHALEIN TEST

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35
Q

positives from other substances, such as saliva, pus, malt extract, vegetable extracts, and the salts of certain heavy metals. A false positive reaction has also been observed with rust

A

PHENOLPHTHALEIN TEST

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36
Q

An obsolete colorimetric test once used to detect heme (haemoglobin, myoglobin and related pigments), which fell into disfavour due to benzidine’s carcinogenic potential.

A

BENZIDINE TEST

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37
Q

Very delicate test in the presence of blood, BLUE color rapidly develops

A

BENZIDINE TEST

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38
Q

False Positive Reactions:
Apples, Potatoes, Bone Marrow, Brain Tissue, Spinal Fluid, Saliva, Mucus and Pus

A

BENZIDINE TEST

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39
Q

A chemical compound, known as Luminol, is used in solution or sprayed onto suspected surfaces. This compound gives a strong blue fluorescence when viewed with a UV light.

A

LUMINOL TEST

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40
Q

False positives have been observed with the presence of copper salts.

A

LUMINOL TEST

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41
Q

If blood is present, it produces GREEN or BLUE-GREEN color when the hydrogen peroxide is added to the solution of leucomalachite green

A

LEUCOMALACHITE GREEN TEST

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42
Q

ɷ It is a very delicate test revealing the presence of fresh blood
ɷ It may not detect old blood
ɷ It could also lead to false positive results.
ɷ Positive Result: Blue Color / Blue-Green Color

A

GUAIACUM TEST

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42
Q

It is also called Van Deen’s or Schoenbein’s Test

A

GUAIACUM TEST

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43
Q

It is based on the formation of distinctive needle-shaped pink-coloured crystals of pyridine haemochromogen when a blood sample is treated with Takayama’s reagent.

A

TAKAYAMA TEST

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44
Q

This test is also known as haemochromogen crystal assay.

A

TAKAYAMA TEST

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45
Q

This test was first introduced by a Polish anatomist Ludwig Karl Teichmann in 1853. It is based on the formation of distinctive rhombus-shaped crystals of haemin when a blood sample is treated with Teichmann’s reagent.

A

TEICHMAN TEST

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46
Q

Using Wet Mount Preparation and Fixed Stain Preparation, a suspected blood stain could be confirmed under an electric microscope. When samples are properly prepared, morphological characteristics of human blood can be observed and will confirm the presence of blood.

A

MICROSCOPY

47
Q

is a body fluid produced by male individuals for fertilization

A

SEMEN

48
Q

is a mixture of various fluids that carry live spermatozoa to the female ovule for fertilization

A

SEMEN

49
Q

A fertile semen sample holds tens of millions of spermatozoa per milliliter and can provide useful

A

DNA evidence

50
Q

The volume of ejaculate is anywhere between

A

2-6 milliliters

51
Q

is a protein-rich fluid originating primarily from the prostate and seminal vesicle.

A

Seminal fluid

52
Q

is an important part in the routine investigation of sexual offenses like:
* Rape
* Adultery
* Sodomy
* Bestiality
* Sexual homicide

A

semen and seminal stain

53
Q

WHERE SEMEN CAN BE FOUND
* AS FRESH in the

A

vaginal contents and rectal contents of the victim.

54
Q

WHERE SEMEN CAN BE FOUND AS WET OR DRIED in

A

hair and skin around the genitals

55
Q

WHERE SEMEN CAN BE FOUND AS DRIED STAINS in

A

underclothing and bed sheets

56
Q

complete lack of semen

A

Aspermia

57
Q

condition wherein there is absence of spermatozoa in the seminal fluid.

A

Azoospermia

58
Q

condition where there is abnormal low sperm counts or with few spermatozoa in the seminal fluid.

A

Oligospermia

59
Q

may be preserved by a few drops of toulol or 10% solution of formalin during hot weather where there is danger of putrefaction.

A

Fluid semen

60
Q

name after Dr. Florence of Lysons who first introduced the test.

  • Positive result: crystals of choline periodide are dark brown, rhombic or needle shaped that occur singly or in cross or even in clusters.
A

Florence test

61
Q

almost specific for human semen. Seminal stain as old as 6 years are said to respond to this test.

  • Positive result: crystals that are slender yellow tinted, rhomboid needles with obtuse angle or appear as ovoid crystals.
A

Barberio’s test

62
Q

the best way to locate and characterized a seminal stain. Has replaced Florence test in reliability and very specific for human and higher apes

  • Positive result: orange-red pigment
A

Acid phosphatase test

63
Q

main purpose is to determine the presence of spermatozoa. The identification of spermatozoa at present is the only specific test for semen.

A

Microscopic examination

64
Q

spermato precipitins are of value in the identification of seminal fluid in certain case like bestiality. This test was originally proposed by Farnum in 1901.

A

Biological examination

65
Q

is a biological secretion inside the mouth that is primarily a digestive aid as the salivary amylases break down the starches in our food.

A

SALIVA

66
Q

It contains urea, glucose, progesterone, various traces of acids, amino acids, creatinine, and more than 1,000 different proteins

A

SALIVA

67
Q

contains mostly water, but bacteria, skin cells from the inside of the mouth (buccal cells), and the substance we test for – α-amylase – is also present.

  • This enzyme helps break down carbohydrates, but can vary widely between people.
A

Spit

68
Q

is specific for human salivary α-amylase. No cross-reaction has been observed with blood, semen, urine, vaginal secretions, or menstrual blood.

A

Rapid Stain Identification test / RSID Saliva test

69
Q

is kind of like a pregnancy test. You’re going to get two stripes for positive, or one for negative.

A

RSID test

70
Q
  • deals with the application of genetic knowledge to legal problems and legal proceedings.
  • also a branch of forensic medicine which deals more broadly with the application of medical knowledge to legal matters.
A

FORENSIC GENETICS

71
Q

identified the DNA molecule which he called then “nuclein”

A

Johann Friedrich

72
Q

a German biochemist,
- identified the nuclein as a nucleic acid and provided its present chemical name, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Albrecht Kossel

73
Q

described the ABO blood grouping systems and observed that individuals could be placed into different groups based on their blood type

A

Karl Landsteiner

74
Q

published a book describing the use of ABO typing to resolved paternity case

A

Leone Lattes

75
Q
  • is represented by substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
  • These substances are important because they contain specific sequences of amino acid and carbohydrates which are antigenic.
  • Became a standard in forensic laboratories before the advent of DNA testing especially in paternity cases
A

ABO BLOOD TYPING / ABO BLOOD GROUP

76
Q

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SEROLOGY

A

“For every antigen, there exists a specific antibody”

77
Q

● Can be done on a slide or in a test tube at a room temperature

● Done by mixing unknown RBC with known typing sera

● Use of commercial reagents, anti-A (blue) and anti-B (yellow)

● Ingredients are mixed in a slide with applicator stick and then tilted back and forth and observed over a 2 minute period for agglutination

A

Cell Grouping/Forward Typing or Direct Blood Grouping

78
Q
  • is tested with suspensions of known A & B cells
  • Done to crosscheck the result of forward typing
  • To test the reactivity of anti-A and anti-B typing reagents
A

Serum Testing/Reverse Typing

79
Q

is a type of protein on the outside of your red bood cells

A

Rh factor

80
Q

proved that DNA is a genetic material carrying at least some of the blueprint of life

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

81
Q

discovered the structure of DNA which they described as a twisted ladder or double-helix

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

82
Q

Developments in molecular biology allowed scientists to examine the _____

A

DNA sequence

83
Q

could be detected in southern blotting

A

DNA polymorphs

84
Q

conceptualized the PCR process

A

Kary Mullis

85
Q

as the basis in assessing the probative value of DNA evidence.

A

Vallejo Doctrine

86
Q

branch of biological sciences which deals with the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.

A

Genetics

87
Q

-Is a distinct portion of a cell’s DNA

-are coded instructions for making everything the body needs, especially proteins.

A

GENE

88
Q
  • It is one particular section of a DNA molecule that tells a cell to perform one specific task.

-

A

GENE

89
Q
  • Are pairs or series of genes on a chromosomes that determine the hereditary characteristics

-One of the alternative genetic marker, component/ DNA type.

A

ALLELE

90
Q
  • set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait.
  • refers to the genetic composition of an organism.
  • is determined by the genes we inherit from our parents.
  • influence how certain traits are expressed in the phenotype, which is what we can observe externally
  • IT IS THE GENETIC CODE
A

GENOTYPE

91
Q

is the set of observable traits

A

PHENOTYPE

92
Q
  • An organism in which 2 copies of genes are identical or have the same DNA
  • It means you carry two genes that are the same for each trait
A

HOMOZYGOUS

93
Q
  • An organism which has different alleles of the gene.

-An individual carry two different genes for each trait.

A

HETEROZYGOUS

94
Q

The allele that is expressed and overrules the recessive gene. Denoted by using a capital letter.

A

DOMINANT

95
Q

is defined as the trait that shows first or is visibly expressed in the individual

A

dominant trait

96
Q
  • are expressed only if both the connected alleles are recessive. Denoted by using small case letter.
  • The trait which is present at the level of the genome but is hidden and does not express in the organism
A

Recessive traits

97
Q
  • Father of Modern Genetics

-He illustrated the basic patterns of inheritance of characters from parents to offspring wherein he showed that that factors of inheritance are transferred from parents to offspring.

-Mendel’s Law of Dominance; Law of Segregation; and Law of Independent Assortment

A

GREGOR MENDEL

98
Q
  • It is also called the first law of inheritance.

-‘‘The two copies of each genetic factor segregate during the development of gametes, to ensure that each parent’s offspring attains one factor.’’

States that each pair of alleles segregates, or separates, during meiosis so that they can transfer specifically to separate gametes

A

LAW OF SEGREGATION

99
Q
  • Also called the second inheritance law,

-it states that: ‘‘Separate couples with alleles are transferred separately from each other to the next generation. As a result, gene inheritance does not influence gene inheritance somewhere else at one position in the genome.’’

  • When parents with pure contrasting traits are crossed together, only one form of trait appears in the next generation.
A

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

100
Q

An allele that always controls a trait is called

A

dominant allele

101
Q

An allele that is hidden when paired with a dominant allele

A

recessive allele

102
Q
  • When an individual inherits two or more characteristics, those characteristics are assorted independently during the production of gametes. This gives the different traits an equivalent probability of occurring together.
  • This indicates that the inheritance of one character will not influence the inheritance of the other.
  • Mendel’s Law of Dominance states that: ‘‘Only one sort of the trait will show in the next generation in a cross of parents which are pure for different traits. In the allele, children that are hybrid for a trait will only show the dominant characteristic, and children that are not hybrid for a trait will show recessive traits.’’
A

MENDEL’S LAW OF DOMINANCE

103
Q
  • is a tabular summary of possible combinations of maternal alleles with paternal alleles.
  • This tables can be used to examine the genotypical outcome probabilities of the offspring of a single trait, or when crossing multiple traits from the parents.
A

PUNNETT SQUARE

104
Q
  • It is a genetic material that transfer the genetic information from one organism to their off spring.
  • Located in nucleus and mitochondria

-is a long chain polymer of nucleotides.

A

DNA

105
Q

molecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called

A

Nucleotides

106
Q

Each nucleotides is consist of

A
  1. Phosphate group
  2. Pentose Sugar
  3. Nitrogenous base
107
Q
  • This is part of the cell that contains the chromosomes that have the Nuclear DNA.

-is defined as a double-membraned eukaryotic cell organelle that contains the genetic material.

A

NUCLEUS

108
Q
  • It is responsible for storing the cell’s hereditary material or the DNA.

-It is responsible for coordinating many of the important cellular activities such as protein synthesis, cell division, growth and a host of other important functions.

A

NUCLEUS

109
Q

Popularly known as the “Powerhouse of the cell

  • are a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms. They are found inside the cytoplasm and essentially function as the cell’s “digestive system.”
A

MITOCHONDRIA

110
Q

to produce energy through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. It is also involved in the following process:

  • Regulates the metabolic activity of the cell
  • Promotes the growth of new cells and cell multiplication
  • Helps in detoxifying ammonia in the liver cells
A

MITOCHONDRIA

111
Q
  • The basic unit of heredity that controls the development of specific characteristics in the new individual
  • Specific segments of DNA that control cell structure and function; the functional units of inheritance.
  • Coding region of DNA
A

GENE

112
Q
A
113
Q

Threadlike bodies that appear in the nucleus of every body cell

A

CHROMOSOMES

114
Q

means that a specific gene is not on a sex chromosome and is a numbered chromosome. Humans have 46 total chromosomes.

A

Autosomal

115
Q

Chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes

A

AUTOSOMES

116
Q
A

DNA (2 decks)

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