PRELIMS Flashcards
Refers to the “Science of firearms identification” which involves the scientific examination of ballistic exhibits – fired bullet, fired shells, firearms, and allied matters – used in crimes.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
Is the science of the motion of the projectile and
the condition that affects their motion.
BALLISTICS
The word “Ballistics” was originated from the Greek
word ——
“Ballo” or “Ballein”
means to throw or to propel
Ballo or Ballein
-a gigantic bow or catapult used throw missiles and large objects such as stones at a particular distance to deter animal or enemy forces.
Ballista
From those words the term Ballistics was derived to
indicate the ——
science of moving projectile
Is any metallic or non-metallic ball which is
propelled from a firearm.
PROJECTILE
An object that can be fired or launched
PROJECTILE
The mobility or movement of the projectile from the time it leaves the shell empty; it leaves the gun muzzle and until it reach its target or fall in the ground
MOTION
PERSONS BEHIND THE CREATION OF FIREARMS
CHJJDSUAHJGMEO
Known as “The Father of Modern Ballistics”
COL. CALVIN GODDARD
He was able to establish a comparison microscope used to determine whether or not a bullet or shell was fired on a particular firearm
COL. CALVIN GODDARD
• Founded the Smith and Wesson
HORACE SMITH & DANIEL WESSON
The maker of the breech-loading rifles and
revolvers
HORACE SMITH & DANIEL WESSON
• The “Wizard of Modern Firearm”
JOHN BROWNING
Pioneered the breech-loading single shot rifled which was adopted by Winchester
JOHN BROWNING
Pioneered the making of Thompson sub-
machine gun
JOHN THOMPSON
The Thompson was also informally known
as:
o Tommy Gun
o Trench Broom
o Trench Sweeper
o Chicago Typewriter
o Chicago Piano
o Chopper
Creator of the First-known Carbine
DAVID WILLIAMS
Create the first practical revolver
SAMUEL COLT
He invented a sub-machine gun in the 1950’s which was used by the Israeli Army during its Sinai campaign in 1956
UZIEL GAL
He is the “FATHER OF THE PERCUSSION
IGNITION”
ALEXANDER JOHN FORSYTH
He is the manufacturer of the Pocket Pistol
HENRY DERRINGER
Designed and invented the Semi Automatic
U.S Rifle Cal. 30. M1 Garand
JOHN GARAND
A well-known expert in the field of SMG
developed in 1941
GEORGE HYDE
Designed the AK (Automat Kalashnikova)
47 adopted by the Russian Army in 1951
MIKHAIL KALSHNIKOV
Designed the U.S M16 Armalite under license by Colt Company from July 1959
EUGENE STONER
One of the earliest rifle and pistol maker
OLIVE WINCHESTER
A gunpowder weapon that is considered to be a proto-gun, the predecessor of the hand cannon and the ancestor of all firearms
10th Century China, the Fire lance was used.
Earliest known written formula for gunpowder,
from _____ in 1044.
China
____ published the “De Mirabili Potestate Artis et Naturae” (On the Marvelous Power of Arts and Nature), which noted______
Roger Bacon
Black Powder Formula
The earliest known type of handgun was simply a small cannon that is called
Hand Cannons
____ was introduce, the 1st major advance in pistols that can be fired using one hand.
Matchlock
The gun experienced its first major evolution
with the discovery of ____
rifling
A type of FA that has a serrated wheel.
Wheel lock
Wheel lock- credited the creation to_____ of Nuremberg, Germany. A type of FA
that has a serrated wheel.
Johann Kiefuss
- early form of flintlock
Snaphaunce
A weapon with a mainspring inside the lock plate and a priming pan cover which had to be manually pushed back before firing
Snaphaunce
was developed. Ball and powder charged were wrapped in chemically treated paper to allow the carrying of numerous pre-measured charges or pre-
loaded rounds
Paper Cartridge
- the same with the wheel lock but replaced the iron pyrite with a flint
Flintlock
- like the snaphaunce, it is also a type of flintlock where the mainspring will be automatically pushed back before firing
Miquelet
, a British Army officer, developed the Ferguson rifle, a breech- loading flintlock a firearm
Patrick Ferguson
WHO discovered a compound that would ignite upon blow that would ignite the powder charge. In 1840, it replaced the flintlock ignition and was adopted in 1838 by the British and in 1842 by the American
Alexander John Forsyth
patented the first revolver and marketed in 1872, a breech loading revolver
Samuel Colt
, developed by the French which used a Pin-Fire Cartridge, the first self- expanding cartridge;
The Le Faucheux
patented the Gatling Gun
Richard Jordan Gatling
, a six-barreled weapon capable of firing a phenomenal 200 rounds per minute, considering its usefulness. It is considered the precursor to the modern machine gun;
Gatling Gun
was discovered. It was used in shotguns first in the year 1864 by Capt. Eschultze of the Prussian Army and in Rifle by the year 1884 by Paul M. Vieille France
Smokeless powder
The most famous revolver in history and legend was manufactured
Colt Peacemaker, model 1873, .45 cal
Automatic Machine Gun. _____
developed the first fully automatic gun;
Hiram Maxim
The first automatic pistol was created by
Joseph Laumann
Creation of the self-loading pistol with the
introduction of ____
7.63 mm Mauser
THREE TYPES OF MOTION
DRT
Is the forward motion of the bullet or shots out of
the shell by the action of the expansive force of
gasses from a burning gun powder.
DIRECT
Is the action of the bullet passing through a rifled bore barrel firearm which is either twisted to the left or to the right.
ROTARY
The straight line movement where every part of
the projectile follows a parallel path and no
rotation takes place
TRANSLATIONAL
BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS
Interior Ballistics
Transitional/Intermediate Ballistics
External Ballistics
Terminal Ballistics
Forensic Ballistics
SUB-BRANCHES
Shot Ballistics
Wound Ballistics
The branch of ballistics which is concerned with
the properties of the projectile or bullet while still
inside the barrel of the gun and this extends from
the breech to the muzzle.
INTERIOR/INTERNAL BALLISTICS
The explosion of the bullet is ____ sec The bullets
occupies the muzzle of the firearm for only ____
sec.
.0002
0.01
THE CONDITIONS ATTRIBUTED TO INTERNAL
BALLISTICS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
- Firing pin hitting the primer
- Ignition of the priming mixture
- Combustion of the gun powder/powder
charge or propellant - Expansion of heated gas
- Pressure developed
- Energy generated
- Recoil of the gun
- Velocity of the bullet inside the barrel
- Rotation of the bullet inside the barrel
- Engraving of the cylindrical surface of the
bullet
Failure of the cartridge to explode after the firing pin strikes the primer
MISFIRE
MISFIRE DEFECTS:
a. Broken Firing Pin
b. Loose Firing Pin
c. Lacking length in Firing Pin (specially
homemade gun)
Delayed of explosion of the cartridge after the firing pin strikes the primer
HANGFIRE
HANGFIRE DEFECTS
a. Wet Priming Mixture
b. The Anvil is not properly fixed (slanting
position)
c. No vent or flash hole (Factory defect)
d. No priming mixture at all (Factory defect)
is a mechanism that actuates the firing sequence of a firearm.
trigger
is a part of a firearm that is used to strike the percussion cap/primer, or separate firing pin, to ignite the propellant and fire the projectile.
hammer
is a lightweight part, which serves to transfer energy from a spring-loaded hammer to the primer.
firing pin
is the ignition system of the cartridge used in a center fire type, containing a highly sensitive chemical compound that would easily ignite or burst
into flame when struck by the firing pin.
Primer/Cap
another portion of the recoil action characterized as the backward and upward movement that takes place before the bullet leaves the muzzle.
Jump
It is the projectile’s behaviour from the time it leaves the muzzle until the pressure behind the projectile is equalized.
TRANSITIONAL/INTERMEDIATE BALLISTICS
Rotation of the bullet from its front side
TUMBLE
The unsteady and uneven spin or rotation of a bullet; usually caused by insufficient twist in the riffle barrel on its back side
WOBBLE
Refers to the study of the bullets or missiles flight after it leaves the gun muzzle and before it strikes the target.
EXTERNAL/EXTERIOR BALLISTICS
– The noise created at the muzzle point.
MUZZLE BLAST
– The energy generated at the muzzle point.
MUZZLE ENERGY
Conditions of the bullet in flight
o YAW
o PRECESSION
o NUTATION
The trembling or unstable rotating motion of bullet at the start of its flight
YAW
It is the rotating movement of the bullet
PRECESSION
The unsteady movement of the bullet or wobbling
movement of the bullet
NUTATION
Refers to the steady-flight or parabola-like flight
of the bullet
TRAJECTORY
– the distance between the muzzle and the target
RANGE
- the distance in which the shooter has the control of his shots.
Accurate Range
farthest distance the projectile can be propelled.
Maximum Range
- distance where the projectile can inflict damage
Effective Range (Wounding Capability)
- the farthest distance the projectile is effective against the intended target
Maximum Effective Range
- rate of speed of the bullet in flight. It is expressed in Feet per Second (F/S)
VELOCITY
resistance encountered by the bullet in flight.
AIR RESISTENCE/AERODYNAMIC DRAG-
- the downward reaction of the bullet due to its weight
PULL OF GRAVITY
- the depth to which the bullet has entered its target or object hit
PENETRATION
Refers to the impact or effect of the bullet on the
target.
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
TERMINAL BALLISTICS
This can be subdivided into two:
PENETRATION POTENTIAL
WOUND BALLISTICS
- capability of the bullet to penetrate various materials
PENETRATION POTENTIAL
- effect of the bullet on the living tissue
WOUND BALLISTICS
- refers to the size of the bullet groupings on the target
Terminal Accuracy
- energy of the projectile when it
hits the target
Terminal Energy
- speed of the bullet once it hits
the target
Terminal Velocity
- depth of the bullet to the
target
Terminal Penetration
- the depth to which a projectile sinks
Penetration
It is a discipline that refers to the investigation and
identification of the cartridge and what firearm it
is specifically fired at.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
The branch of science which
the police used as their guide in their
investigation.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
- it is all the investigative activities done in the field
involving the use of firearms and ammunition.
FIELD INVESTIGATION
- a task done at the laboratory.
TECHNICAL EXAMINATION
- the presentation of evidence and technical reports to the trial court.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
ballistic trauma or bullet wound, is a form of physical
trauma sustained from the discharge of arms or
munitions.
gunshot wound, also known as GSW
the predecessor of the hand cannon
Fire lance
ancestor of all firearms
Fire lance
a breech- loading flintlock a firearm
Ferguson rifle
The most famous revolver in history
model 1873, .45 cal
It is considered the precursor to the modern machine gun;
Gatling Gun
