PRELIMS Flashcards
An enzyme found
mainly in the liver; elevated levels can
indicate liver damage.
Alamin Aminotransferase
A protein produced by the
liver, essential for maintaining osmotic
pressure and transporting substances in the
blood
Albumin
An enzyme related to the
bile ducts; high levels may indicate liver
disease or bone disorders.
Alkaline phosphatase
An enzyme found
in the liver and heart; elevated levels can
indicate liver or muscle damage.
Aspartate aminotransferase
A yellow compound formed
during the breakdown of red blood cells; high
levels can cause jaundice and indicate liver
dysfunction.
Bilirubin
A measure of urea
levels in the blood, used to assess kidney
function.
Blood Urea Nitrogen
A lipid essential for cell
membrane structure, but high levels can
increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Cholesterol
A waste product from
muscle metabolism, used to assess kidney
function.
Creatinine
An enzyme found in the
heart, brain, and skeletal muscle; elevated
levels can indicate muscle damage or
myocardial infarction.
Creatine Kinase
An enzyme found in the
heart, brain, and skeletal muscle; elevated
levels can indicate muscle damage or
myocardial infarction.
Creatine Kinase
A group of metabolic disorders
characterized by hyperglycemia resulting
from defects in insulin secretion, insulin
action, or both.
Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2)
A protein fragment produced
when a blood clot dissolves; elevated levels
may indicate thrombosis
D - dimer
Minerals in the blood and other
body fluids that carry an electric charge,
including sodium, potassium, chloride, and
bicarbonate.
Electroytes
: A laboratory
technique to detect antibodies or antigens in
a sample.
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
A test measuring
blood glucose levels after a period of fasting,
used to diagnose diabetes.
Fasting Blood Glucose
A protein that stores iron in the
body; levels indicate the amount of stored
iron.
Ferritin
An enzyme
involved in the transfer of amino acids and
peptides; elevated levels can indicate liver
disease.
Gamma - Glutamyl Transferase
A test to estimate how
much blood passes through the glomeruli of
the kidneys each minute; a key indicator of
kidney function.
Glomerular Filtration Rate
A simple sugar that provides
energy for the body; blood glucose levels are
critical in diagnosing and managing diabetes
Glucose
A form of hemoglobin
that is measured to identify the average
plasma glucose concentration over
prolonged periods; used in diabetes
management.
Hemoglobin A1C (HgbA1C)
Often referred to
as “good cholesterol,” HDL helps remove
cholesterol from the arteries.
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
A laboratory technique
that uses the binding between an antigen and
its antibody to identify and quantify
Immunoassay
A standardized
number that’s calculated based on the
results of a PT test; used to monitor patients
on anticoagulant therapy.
International Normalized Rate (INR)
Chemicals that the liver produces
when there is not enough insulin in the body;
high levels are found in diabetic ketoacidosis.
Ketones
Produced in muscles during
vigorous exercise; elevated levels can
indicate tissue hypoxia.
Lactic Acid
: A group of tests that measure
cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood to
assess the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Lipid Profile
: A protein in heart and skeletal
muscles that binds oxygen; elevated levels
can indicate muscle injury.
Myoglobin
A mineral involved in over
300 biochemical reactions in the body;
essential for muscle and nerve function.
Magnesium
A protein
produced by the prostate gland; elevated
levels can indicate prostate cancer or other
prostate conditions.
Protein Specific Antigen (PSA)
A hormone that
regulates calcium levels in the blood;
abnormalities can indicate parathyroid
disorders.
Parathyroid Hormone
Procedures and measures
taken to ensure the accuracy and reliability of
laboratory tests.
Quality Control
The normal/abnormal
range of values for a given laboratory test,
used to interpret individual results.
Reference Range
A group of tests to
evaluate kidney function, including BUN,
creatinine, and electrolytes.
Renal Panel
An essential electrolyte that helps
regulate water balance and is crucial for
nerve and muscle function.
Sodium
A technique used to measure
the amount of light absorbed by a solution,
used in various biochemical assays.
Spectrophotometry
A protein released into the
blood when the heart muscle is damaged; a
key marker for diagnosing myocardial
infarction.
Troponin
: A type of fat (lipid) found in the
blood; high levels can increase the risk of
heart disease.
Trgiglycerides
A waste product formed from
the breakdown of purines; high levels can
lead to gout and kidney stones.
Uric Acid
A waste product formed in the
liver and excreted by the kidneys; measured
in blood and urine to assess renal function.
Urea
A fat-soluble vitamin essential
for calcium absorption and bone health;
deficiencies can lead to rickets or
osteomalacia
Vitamin D
The process of obtaining
blood from a vein, usually for laboratory
testing.
Venipuncture
A laboratory method used to
detect specific protein molecules from a
mixture of proteins.
Western Blot
Measures levels of
electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride,
and bicarbonate, critical for diagnosing and
managing dehydration, kidney disease, and
acid-base disorders
Electrolyte Panel
Include tests for
enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin, and albumin,
helping diagnose liver diseases such as
hepatitis and cirrhosis.
Liver Function Test (LFT)
Include
creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), used to
assess kidney function.
Renal Function Test ( RFT)
Measures
cholesterol levels (total, LDL, HDL) and
triglycerides, important for assessing
cardiovascular disease risk.
Lipid Panel
Include troponins, CK-MB,
and myoglobin, essential for diagnosing and
managing myocardial infarction.
Cardiac Markers
Includes fasting glucose,
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and
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HbA1c, crucial for diagnosing and managing
diabetes.
Glucose Testing
Measure levels of
hormones such as thyroid hormones (T3, T4,
TSH), reproductive hormones (estrogen,
testosterone), and adrenal hormones
(cortisol).
Hormone Test
Include PSA
(prostate-specific antigen), CA-125, and CEA
(carcinoembryonic antigen), used in cancer
diagnosis and monitoring.
Tumor Markers
