Prelims Flashcards
Salmonella incubation time
2 days
Chicken Pox incubation time
2-3 weeks after exposure
Intermediate stage between the incubation and illness
Prodromal
Hepatitis B incubation time
2-3 months
It is when a person is highly contagious and experiencing fulminant symptoms and evident signs
Illness
Is characterized as a stage on which some of the early symptoms starts to appear before the appearance of specific diagnostic-related symptoms
Prodrome
Increased size and functional capacity of cells
Increased tissue size via enlargement of cells (due to an increase in organelles and structural proteins)
Hypertrophy
The final stage of infection which is typical for the recovery stage
Convalescent
Decrease in size and function of the cell
Cells shut down its metabolic processes to conserve energy
Atrophy
Reduction in cell number
Degradation of cytoskeletal proteins occurs via the
ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
Electron microscopy shows the presence of autophagosomes
Numerical Atrophy
Enlargement of a tissue or organ owing to an increase in the number of cells
Increased number as a consequence of cell division
Hyperplasia
Trophy or Plasia
Change in ssize
Trophy
Trophy or Plasia
Change in number
Plasia
Type of Atrophy
such as loss of motor innervation in our skeletal muscles
Innervation
Type of Atrophy
Organs are temporarily enlarged and then undergo degradation via atrophic processes
Involution
Type of Atrophy
Physiological aging of cells that affects all organs; includes formation of “lipofuscin deposits”
Senile aging
These are yellow-brown, granular pigments found in organs such as heart, lung, colon, kidney, liver, and eye
Formed by the peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes
Lipofuscin deposits
Overgrowth of cells with enlarged, dark, irregular nuclei
“increased cell division, incomplete maturation of cells”
Reversible and non-malignant
Dysplasia
Increased proliferation of “abnormal cells”
Neoplasia
Reversible change of one cell type into another
Cells adapt to a change in the environment by altering their morphological appearance
Metaplasia
Metaplasia of “corneal squamous cells”
Bitot spots
Keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the “bladder”
Pearl-like plaques
Smoking can cause ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi to?
Stratified squamous epithelium
Anaplasia is also known as?
Differentiation
Marked regressive change in adult cells towards a more primitive or embryonic cell type
Cellular alterations resemble dysplasia, although more marked, more disorganized, and irreversible
Anaplasia
Replacement of cell losses by identical cells to maintain tissue or organ size
Regeneration
Tissue loss is both homogeneously functionally and structurally replaced
Complete regeneration
Tissue loss is replaced by tissue of an inferior quality
Incomplete regeneration
Characterized by reversible cellular swelling and fatty change
Hydropic degeneration (Early Stage)
This occurs when the cells cannot adapt to their new environment
Cellular injury
Decreased oxygen results in decreased production of ATP
Tissue Hypoxia
A molecule with unpaired electrons in the outer orbit.
AKA “reactive oxygen species” (ROS)
Free radicals
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Superoxide (OH-)4 are examples of?
Free Radicals
Superoxide (OH-)4 is broken down by what enzyme?
Superoxide dismutase
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is broken down by what enzyme?
Glutathione
Catalase
If formed, enzymatic process phagocytize free radicals
Antioxidants
Irreversible Cellular Injury
“Loss of Basophilia”
Nuclear karyolysis
Irreversible Cellular Injury
“Shrinkage of nucleus”
Pyknosis
Irreversible Cellular Injury
“Fragmentation of nucleus”
Karyorrhexis
Uncontrolled breakdown of cells in response to injurious stimuli
Necrois
2 main types of necrosis
Liquefactive Necrosis
Coagulative Necrosis
Types of Necrosis
“Protein denaturation” is more prominent than enzymatic breakdown
Cell architecture is maintained
Coagulative Necrosis
Types of Necrosis
Occurs in situation which “enzymatic breakdown” is more prominent than protein denaturation
These occur in organs that lack a substantial protein-rich matrix (brain)
Liquefactive Necrosis
Types of Necrosis
“Massive death” of tissue caused by the obstruction to the blood flow
Gangrenous Necrosis
2 types of Gangrenous Necrosi
Dry Gangrene
Wet Gangrene/Gas Gangrene
Gangrene caused by Diabetes Mellitus
Dry Gangrene
Gangrene when there is “increased” bacterial infection
Odor Gangrene
Gangrene strongly associated with bacterial infections
Wet Gangrene/Gas Gangrene
Types of Necrosis
“Cheesy-looking necrosis” associated with “tuberculosis” infection and other granulomatous disease processes
Caseous Gangrene
A form of chronic inflammation due to some infections (mycobacterial), foreign bodies, and other chronic stimuli
Granuloma
Types of Necrosis
A term applied to change in adipose tissue due to trauma or release of enzymes from adjacent organs
Fat Necrosis
Fat Necrosis combines with “calcium” to form?
Chalky deposits
Types of Necrosis
A special form of necrosis that usually occurs in “immune reactions” in which complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of blood vessels but may also occur in severe hypertension
Fibrinoid Necrosis
Enzyme necessary for apoptosis
Caspases
Phases of Apoptosis
Action of caspases cause death of cell
Execution
Phases of Apoptosis
Caspases (cysteine aspartic acid proteases) become catalytically active
Initiation phase
It is called the “wear-and-tear pigment”
Lipofuscin
Phases of Apoptosis
Phagocytosis occurs
Disposal
Mechanism of Apoptosis
Mitochondria releases cytochrome-C, which combines with Apaf-1 (apoptosis activating factor-1) to activate caspases
Initiation of Intracellular Pathway
Mechanism of Apoptosis
Fas-Fas ligand binding
Fas ligan binds to a membrane of the tumor necrosis factor family known as the “Fas receptor”
The activated Fas receptor activates FADD (Fas-associated death domain)
FADD activates caspases
Initiation of Extracellular Pathway
Mechanism of Apoptosis
Apoptotic cells and their fragments entice phagocytes by producing “eat-me” signals
Clearance of Apoptotic Cells
Cell death initiated by engagement of TNF receptors as well as other poorly defined triggers
Receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinase
Necroptosis
Cell death associated with activation of cytosolic danger-sensing protein complex called “inflammasome”
Activation of caspases that induce the production of cytokines that induce inflammation, often manifested by “Fever”
Pyroptosis
Mainly due to kidney problems and accumulations often involve “intermediate filaments”
Protein Accumulations
Glycogen accumulates as part of glycogen storage disorders
Most common organs affected are “liver” and “skeletal muscle”
Ex. McArdle Syndrome
Glycogen Accumulations
Type V Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD V)
It is a rare inherited condition in which the body is not able to break down glycogen
Gene problem in the enzyme “muscle glycogen phosphorylase”
McArdle Syndrome
Protein accumulation in the liver seen in alcohol cirrhosis
Mallory hyaline (streaks)
Protein accumulation seen in Alzheimer’s Disease
Neurofibrillary tangles
2 Forms of Iron Accumulation
Hemosiderosis
Hemochromatosis
What gene code of telomeres protects the ends of t he chromosome and they shorten with cell divisions?
TTAGGG
Accumulation of iron in “organs”
Without resultant side effects
This iron pigment is frequently within macrophages
Hemosiderosis
Fat Accumulation is also called as?
Steatosis
Term used for aggregates of “ferritin micelles”
Hemosiderin
Hemosiderin stains positive(+) in what stain?
Prussian Blue
Accumulation of iron in “parenchymal cells” resulting in side effects
Including Congestive Heart Failure, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cirrhosis
Can be acquired or heridetary
Hemochromatosis
A disease where there is manifestation of premature aging and a defective DNA Helicase
WERNER Syndrome
Type of Opsonin
“Recognized by Fc receptors on WBC”
IgG
Type of Opsonin
“Recognized by CR 1,2,3 on leukocytes”
C3b
Type of Opsonin
“Recognized by C1q on leukocytes”
Collectins
Uses 2 oxygen molecules to produce superoxide radical (O2)
Superoxide radical converts to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which degrades foreign substances
NADPH Oxidase
Converts hydrogen peroxide and halogen (CI) to HOCl
Then causes halogenation or lipid protein peroxidation
Myeloperoxidase
Protein-rich fluid with specific gravity of more than 1.020
Exudate
Protein-poor fluid with
specific gravity of less than 1.012
Transudate
The main tissue is an outpouring of fluid with a low plasma protein and cell content
Appearance: Relatively clear, watery fluid
Serous Inflammation
Acute inflammatory exudates has a high plasma protein content
Appearance: finely particulate, thick fluid
Fibrinoid Inflammation
Acute inflammatory exudates is particularly rich in neutrophil leukocytes
Pus-thick, creamy fluid composed of large numbers of living and necrotic PMNs and necrotic tissue debris
Suppurative (Purulent) Inflammation
Collection of semi-liquid pus within tissues
Abscess
S. pneumoniae, E. coli, N. meningococci, and N. gonococci are bacteria that produce purulent inflammation
These are called?
Pyogenic bacteria
Mediator in Repair
Stimulates granulation tissue formation
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
Mediator in Repair
Induces blood vessel formation
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
An active process resulting from arteriolar dilation and increased blood inflow, as occurs at sites of inflammation or in exercising skeletal muscle
Hyperemia
Mediator in Repair
Stimulates blood vessel formation and wound repair through macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cell migration
Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
Mediator in Repair
Promotes migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and monocytes
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Mediator in Repair
Act as growth inhibitor for epithelium
Transforming Growth Factor-B (TGF-B)
A passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue
It can occur systemically as in cardiac failure, or locally because of an isolated venous obstruction
Congestion
Effusion of the peritoneal cavity is called?
Hydroperitoneum or Ascites
Is severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling of subcutaneous tissue and accumulation of fluid in body cavities.
Anasarca
Originate from deep venous thromboses and are responsible for the most common form of thromboembolic disease
Pulmonary emboli
It is a state in which diminished cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia
Shock
It is an area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue
Infarct
It is an autoimmune disease involving multiple organs, characterized by a vast array of autoantibodies, particularly “Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs)”, in which injury is caused mainly by deposition of immune complexes and binding of antibodies to various cells and tissues
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Chronic disease characterized by “Dry eyes” and “Dry mouth” resulting from immunologically mediated destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands
Sjogren Syndrome
In Sjogrens, what is the term used for “Dry eyes”
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
In Sjogrens, what is the term used for “Dry mouth”
Xerostomia
Other name of Systemic Sclerosis
Scleroderma
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Diseases
- Marfan Syndrome
Fibrillin
An immunologic disorder characterized by excessive fibrosis in multiple tissues, obliterative vascular disease, and evidence of autoimmunity, mainly in the production of multiple antibodies
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Diseases
- Ehler-Danlos Syndrome
Collagen
Belongs to a group of disorders characterized by necrotizing inflammation of the walls and blood vessels that show strong evidence of an immunologic basis
Polyarteritis Nodosa
The disease is characterized serologically by high titers of antibodies to U1 ribonucleoprotein.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Diseases
- Hereditary Spherocytosis
Spectrin
Ankyrin
Protein 4.1
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Diseases
- Familial Hypercholesterolemia
LDL Receptor
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Diseases
- Neurofibromatosis, Type 1
Neurofibromin-I (NF-I)
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Diseases
- Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Diseases
- Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
Polycystin-I (PKD-I)
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Diseases
- Phenylketonuria
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Diseases
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA)
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Diseases
- Tay-Sachs Disease
Hexosaminidase
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Diseases
- alpha and beta-thalassemia
- Sickle Cell Anemia
Hemoglobin
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the X-Linked Recessive Inheritance
- Hemophilia A
Factor VIII
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the X-Linked Recessive Inheritance
- Duchenne/Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Dystrophin
Identify the Abnormal Protein in the X-Linked Recessive Inheritance
- Fragile X Syndrome
FMRP (Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein)
A transmission pattern characterized by expression in heterozygous state
Affects both males and females equally
Both sexes can transmit the disorder
Often involve “dysfunctional receptors and structural proteins”
Autosomal Dominant
A transmission pattern that occur when “both copies” of a gene are mutated and frequently involve “enzymes”
Males and females are affected equally
Autosomal recessive
A transmission pattern that is transmitted by heterozygous females to their sons, who manifest the disease
Females only become “carriers”
X-Linked
Gold standard for Covid-19 Tests
PCR
If asymptomatic, but exposed to COVID-19, wait at least __ days after exposure before taking a test
5 days
To be sure, FDA recommends __ negative antigen tests for individuals with symptoms or __ antigen tests for those without symptoms, performed 48 hours apart
2 negative tests for those with symptoms
3 tests for those without symptoms
