prelims Flashcards
Is a collection of quantitative or numerical data that describes a property of an object or event. consists of a number and a unit. For example, the length of a stick is 10 inches.
Measurements
A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or accepted value. - the degree to which the result of a measurement, calculation, or specification conforms to the correct value or a standard.
Accuracy
Precise value agreed with each other; accurate value agreed with the true value.
the quality, condition, or fact of being exact and accurate
precision
is important in chemistry because many calculations use different units of measurement and using __________ factor, we can convert one unit to another desired unit. A conversion factor is a ratio or fraction which represents the relationship between two different units.
unit Conversion
Length
1m = ____ cm
______cm = 1 inch
_____ mm = 1 cm
______ m = 1 km
100cm
2.54 cm
10mm
1000m
Volume
1L = ______ mL
_________ cm2 = 1 L
_________ L = 1 kL
1 gal = ______ quarts
1 quart = ______ pints
_____ m3 = 1000 L
1000 mL
1000 cm2
1000 L
4 quarts
2 pints
1 m3
Mass
1 kg = ________ g
______ g = 1000 mg
_______ g = 1 lb
1 lb = ______ oz
1 short ton = ______ lbs
1 long ton = ______ lbs
1 metric ton = ______ kg
1000 g
1 g
453.6 g
16 oz
2000 lbs
2240 lbs
1000 kg
Is an approach in solving problems of measurements. It is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities and units of measure and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed. In short, it is a technique of converting between units.
Dimensional analysis
- By definition, fundamental (primary/basic) units are all those units of Metric System which are independent of any other unit (including themselves); they can be determined even without using formulas. Examples are mass, length, temperature, volume of liquid to cite some. On the other
Fundamental and Derived Quantities
is the quantity of matter in a particular sample of matter. _______ is constant regardless of where it is being measured. If the same material is being measured, say, the ________ of the material, it is the same whether you measure it on the moon or here on earth.
Mass
is the gravitational force of attraction between the bodyโs mass and the mass of the planet where it is being measured. 0.250 L 150 cm3 30 tablets
Weight
________ is simply measured with a ruler, or a meterstick. Volume of a liquid is measured in a graduated cylinder, pipette, volumetric flask, etc.
length
_____ of a regular solid is determined by measuring its dimensions and multiplying them together, while the ________ of an irregular solid is determined by means of water displacement method. In water displacement method, the amount of space taken by the object is the _________ of the object.
volume
r means?
r = radius of the cylinder
h means?
h = height of the cylinder
whatโs the formula of density
P = m/v
Formula of Celsius
oC = 5/9 (o F-32)
formula of Fahrenheit?
oF = 9/5 (oC) + 32
formula of Kelvin
K = oC + 273 (or 273. 15)
formula of specific gravity
SG = density of object/density of water
SG = mass of obj / mass of water
specific gravity doesnโt have a unit of measurement.
true or false
true
specific gravity does have a unit of measurement.
true or false
false
Density of water has a constant equivalent of
1g/mL or 1g/cm^2
๐=๐ / ๐โ๐
Specific heat
Q = ______, (cal)
heat energy
c = specific heat, _____ (ยฐ๐ถ )
cal/g
m =. masss?
grams
ฮt = change in temperature, ( ยฐ๐ถ)
the formula can also be derive depending on the given and needed operation.
true or false
true
= ( ๐ก๐๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐๐๐ข๐ โ expe๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐ฃ๐๐๐ข๐ / ๐ก๐๐ข๐ ๐ฃ๐๐๐ข๐ ) (100)
%๐๐๐๐๐
-is anything that takes up space and mass
-all physical objects are composed of matter in the form of atoms
-it exists in several states that is also called phases
Matter
has definite shape and volume high density
solid
-has no definite shape but has definite volume
-conforms to the shape of its container
-has lower density than solids
Liquid
- Has no definite shape, mass, or volume
- will expand to fill its container
-when a ______ is put under pressure, by reducing the volume of the container, the space between the particles is reduced and the particles are compressed.
gas
- is a high-energy state of matter.
- exists at high temperatures and can be influenced by adjusting temp. pressure or energy input
Plasma
a unique state of matter that occurs at extremely low temperatures close to absolute zero. (-273.105 ยฐC or โ 459. 67 ยฐF)
- particles behave as though they are one superparticle with all their quantum states occupying the same energy level.
Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)
- predicted by _______ and ________ in the early 1920โs and experimentally observed in 1995.
Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein
- This state of matter exists under extremely high pressures, and itโs typically found in the cores of massive stars.
-is made up of particles like electrons or neutrons that have been squeezed together to the point where quantum mechanical effects dominate, and there is no room for compression. - Changing its state is challenging, but can be influenced by changes in pressure, temperature, and composition.
Degenerate matter
what are the classes of matter?
Element
compound
mixtures
-Composed of 2 or more different elements.
- Combined chemically in definite and constant proportion.
- Cannot be separated through physical methods.
compound
- The simplest form of matter.
- Made up of only one kind of atom.
- Most chemical symbols are coming from their Latin or Greek names.
Element
Types of compounds:
Acid
Base
Salt
yields Hydrogen ion (H-) when dissolved in water.
Base
yields Hydrogen ion (H+) when dissolved in water.
Acid
solid product of neutralization reaction between acid and base.
Salt
- Made up of two or more substances in variable proportions. - Can be separated in ordinary operation.
- Does not change the compositions of substituent substance
Mixture
- made up of one phase only.
- It has the same proportions of its components throughout any given sample.
Homogeinous mixture
- Made up of 2 or more phases
- Proportions vary throughout the sample.
Heterogeneous mixture
quality or characteristic in which a given substance is identified
Property
(extensive)- depend on the amount of material. e.g. mass, length and
volume
Extrinsic properties
(intensive)- depend on the quality of the material e.g. odor, taste, specific gravity, etc.
intrinsic properties
1) properties that can be observed without changing the composition of the substance
2) It is used to describe matter.
Physical properties
what includes in Physical properties?
a) Odor
b) Texture
c) Color
d) Melting point
e) Boiling point
f) Density etc.
If the change in a substance alters the form and not the composition, then the change is _______
Physical change.
1) Properties that can be measured or observed only when matter undergoes a change to become an entirely different kind of matter.
Chemical properties
the ability of matter to react chemically with other substances.
Reactivity
what are the examples of chemical properties?
a.)reactivity
b) Flammability
c) Ability to rust etc.
- change in form and shape but the same composition
physical change
When a substance changes in composition then it is called _______ change.
chemical
change in composition thus, forming a new substance
Chemical change-
what are the characteristics of matters?
- It has density
- Has volume
- Has mass
- Impenetrability
- Malleability
- Ductility
- Viscosity
- Porosity
- Hardness
- Brittleness
- Temperature
no two objects can occupy the same space at the same time
Impenetrability
Property of certain material to be hammered into a very thin sheet
Malleability
property of certain metal to be drawn into fine wires
Ductility
resistance to liquid flow
Viscosity
property of having pores or spaces
Porosity
Property of certain material to resist being scratched by another
Hardness
property of a certain material to be easily broken.
Brittleness
(primary/basic) units are all those units of Metric System which are independent of any other unit (including themselves); they can be determined even without using formulas.
fundamental
(secondary) units are all those units of Metric System which are derived or obtained by multiplying and/or dividing multiple fundamental units and sometimes with other constants, in short, they cannot be measured directly. Some examples are density, area, and volume.
derived
