Prelims Flashcards
the study of the chemistry of cells and organisms
Biochemistry
compounds that do not contain cabon
e.g., water and salts
bioINORGANIC substances
compounds that contain carbon
bioORGANIC substances
2 Types of Biochemical Substances
-BioInorganic substances
-BioOrganic substances
-Protein
-Lipids
-Carbohydrates
-Nucleic acid
bioINORGANIC substances
4 Major Organic Compounds
-carbohydrates
-Proteins
-Lipids
-Nucleic Acid
all four of these major organic molecules are considered to be ________, or a large molecules and are present in all living things.
macromolecules
these are organic macromolecules that are used to apply energy and could also aid in the cell structure
Carbohydrates
macromolecules that have many different functions like structure and enzyme action
Proteins
these macromolecules are fats
Lipids
it usually end in “ase”
Enzymes
it is a lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to it
Phospholipid
these are the largest of the major organic molecule, and they store coded information in cells in the form of DNA &RNA
Nucleic Acids
found in all cells, makes up our genetic material and controls all cell activities
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
used to make enzymes and other important proteins
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
these are very important when discussing transport because they are found in cell membranes
Phospholipid
out of all the major organic compounds _______ store the most energy
fats
it regulates all chemical reactions in a cell
enzyme
“ose” at the end of a scientific word usually means it’s a _________
carbohydrate
plant cell walls contain a chemical called ________ which is a carbohydrate that is used to give a plant cell its sturdy structure
cellulose
it store a lot of chemical energy, an are used first by our bodies when energy is needed
carbohydrates
are largely found in our molecules and dna
Protein
a sub group of Proteins that are very important called…
enzyme
it means “one”
mono
it means “few”
oligo
it is like cellulose but with nitrogen
chitin
slippery oil
lipids
determines the properties of fats
fatty acids
glycerol has how many carbons
3 carbons
each fatty acids has a _________
COOH
no C=C double bonds
Saturated
bad fats
saturated
good fats
unsaturated
one or more C=C double bonds
unsaturated
usually with 5 carbons
monosaccharides
few monosaccharides joined together
oligosaccharides
it is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose
sucrose
soluble in water and taste sweet
monosaccharides
often combined with other molecules and sometimes used for cell I.D.
oligosaccharides
it ussualy forms a spiral
plant starch (amylose)
strong and very resistant to digestion
Chitin
Non polar; mostly C & H, little bit of O
Lipids
heterogenous group and unified by insolubility in water
lipids
usually from beef and vegetable oils
triglycerides
mostly in cell membranes
phospholipids
complex ring form
steroids
amino acod polymers
proteins
4 levels of Proteins structure
primary
secondary
tertiary
quanternary
the amino acid sequence
primary
coiling or folding
secondary
folding, kinking, twisting entire structure
tertiary
two or more chains together
quanternary
it can be joined together into a chain
nucleotides
perceive as sweeter than complex xarbohydrates
dissaccharides
complex carbohydrates
oligosaccharides
hard to digest
polysaccharides
monosaccharides has 3 nutrionally important…
glucose
fructose
galactose
most abundant carbohydrate
glucose
preffered source of energy of blood, brains & nervous systems
glucose
commonly occurs a plant disaccharide lactose
Galactose
sweet as natural sugar
fructose
the riper the fruit is the higher the ______ level
fructose
found abundantly in fruits
fructose
most abundant monosaccharide in the body
glucose
every part of disaccharide has this
glucose
only in __________ has starches
monosaccharide
the preffered & main source of energy for the brain & red blood cell
glucose
it produce by plants during photsynthesis
carbohydrates
after eating the plant food, human convert the carbohydrates into ______
glucose
it is plant-based
carbohydrates
the most common
sucrose
lactose intolerant
lactose
least common, formed from digestion of starches
maltose
3 types of Disaccharides
-sucrose
-lactose
-maltose
more resistant to digestion
starch
straight chain
starch
branched chains
amylopectin
easier to digest
amylopectin
non digestible polysaccharides
fiber
provides more energy
fiber
we cannot eat
soluble
we can eat
insoluble
easily fermented by intestinal bacteria
soluble
not easily fermented
insoluble
slow gastric emptying and may delay absorption of some nutrients
soluble fiber
relives constipation
insoluble fiber
most plant foods contain both soluble & insoluble fiber
inslobule fiber
storage perform glucose in animals
glycogen
long, branched chain of glucose
glycogen
stored in liver and muscle
glycogen
is anything that takes up space and has a mass
matter
anything that brings about change. it can hold things together and also break things apart
energy
primary role is to maintain and support collagen, elastin ad turgidity in the cellular spaces and keep protein fibers in balance and proportion
glycosaminoglycans
regulation of allergic inflammation
Glycosaminoglycans
promotes the ability of the collagen and elastin fibers to retain moisture
glycosaminoglycans
ulcerative collitis
GAG deficiency
are glycoglycans that are covalently linked to serine residues of specific core proteins
proteoglycans
it is synthesized by sequential addition of sugar residues to the core
glycoaminoglycans chain
protecting different organs of your body, like in your gut and throat
proteoglycans
found in space between our cells
proteoglycans
a physiological component known as the ________________
Proteoglycans
extracellular matrix (ECM)
malt sugar
maltose
germinated barley that has been baked and ground
maltose
is the building block for cellulose
cellobiose
It can’t be digested in the human body because the beta-linkages cannot be broken by the digestive enzyme
Cellulose
known as dietary fiber
cellulose
D-glycopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-D-glycopyranose
Maltose
B-D-glycosyl-(1-4)-D-glucose
Cellobiose
levels of enzyme lactase varies in human
Lactose intolerance
found in potato
solanine
complex with large multi-ring amine system
solanine
produced by plants to create toxins as defense from insects and predators
solanine
energy storage of animals
glycogen
Woody part of plants stem, stalk & trunk; its glucose resifue is beta configuration; cannot be digested by humans but it is high in fiber
cellulose
second most abundant polysac; gives rigidity to exoskeletons, anthropods, cell wall of fungi
chitin
these are polysaccharide with disaccharide repeating unit which one of the disaccharide
amino acid
it is similar to a substance that occurs naturally in joints and that helps joints work properly by acting like lubricant and shock absorber
hyaluronate
to treat dry and scaly skin, some skin lotion contans ____________
sodium hyaluronate
simple sugars with multiple OH groups
monosaccharides
2 monosaccharides cavalently linked
Disaccharides
is it a triose, totrose, pentose, or hexose
monosaccharides
a few monosaccharides covalently linked
oligosaccharides
polymers consisting chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide unit
Polysaccharides
are based on the configuration about the single asymmetric C in glyceraldehyde
D&L designation
the lower representations of D & L designation
Fischer Projections
mirror images of one another
D&L sugars
it is a glycoaminoglycan with a repeating disaccharide consisting of 2 glucose derivatives, glucuronate (glucoronic acid) & N-acetyl-glycosamine
Hyaluronate (hyaluronan)
it has an extended helical conformation
Heparin
a soluble glycosaminoglycan found in granules of mast cells
Heparin
has a structure similar to that of heparan sulfates, but in more highly sulfated
Heparin
_______ by the many negatively charge groups may contribute to this conformation
charge repulsion
an anticoagulant (blood thinner) that prevents the formation of blood clots
heparin
one of the most common metabolic diseases
diabetes mellitus
occurs when an individual either doesn’t make enough, or is unable to utilize, the hormone is insulin to regulate blood glucose level
diabetes mellitus
3 possible cause of diabetes
familial
lifestyle
diet
type of diabetes usually begins in childhood or early childhood
type 1
has 5-10% of diabetes
Type 1
type of diabetes: overweight individuals develop this form frequently
type 2
90-95% of diabetes
type 2
Type of diabetes: impaired glucose tolerance
prediabetes
high risk of developing diabetes and heart disease
prediabetes
fasting blood sugar between 100 mg/dl and 126 mg/dl
prediabetes
showing of onset of complication
diabetes
a blood glucose level that is too low (usually below 70 mg/dl)
Hypoglycemia
sugar such as fructose and lactose found in foods
natural occurring sugar
tend to be nutrient dense
natural occurring sugar
sugar added to processed foods and sweets
added sugar
empty calories
added sugar
artificial non-saccharide sweeter 200 times than sucrose and is commonly used as a sugar substitute in foods and beverages
aspartame
