prelims Flashcards
the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span
development
study of change from multiple directions of influence
multidirectional
one small action or event set of a much larger chains of major events
butterfly effect
there are many contexts that affect human development such as events
multicontextual
each one has separate values, traditions, living standards that influence the individuals of that society
multicultural
we have to use many different fields in order to effectively study development
multidisciplinary
changes occur throughout the lifespan and can be drastically altered at any point in time
plasticity
influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group
normative age-graded influence
unusual occurences that have major impact on the lives of individual people
nonnormative life events
common to people of a particular generation
normative history-graded influences
passed on from generation to generation
culture
comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures
cross-cultural studies
based on race, cultural heritages etc…
ethnicity
groupings of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
socioeconomic status
male and female
gender
national government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
social policy
main areas of study that focus on developmental changes
developmental domains
studies the influence of social factors on biological development
biosocial domain
studies the thought processes, perceptual abilities, and language that influence our behavior and development
cognitive domain
studies the interpersonal relationships that influence development
psychosocial domain
things that are unique to the individual that can influence development
internal factors
things that are outside of the individual that can influence development
external factors
internal factor is nature
true
external factor is nurture
true
poor children are more prone to each stressors
true
produce changes in an individual’s physical nature
biological processes
changes in the individual’s thought, intelligence, and language
cognitive processes
changes in relationships with other people, emotions, and personality
socioemotional processes
refers to a time frame in person’s life that is characterized by certain features
periods of development
conception to birth
prenatal period
birth to 18-24 months
infancy
3-5 yrs
early childhood
6-10/11 yrs
middle and late childhood
10-12 yrs to 18-21 yrs
adolescence
20s to 30s
early adulthood
40s-50s
middle adulthood
60s-70s to death
late adulthood
number of years that have elapsed since birth
chronological age
individual’s adaptive capacities
psychological age
connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt
social age
development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment
epigenetic view
fertilized egg
zygote
counted from the 1st day or mother’s last menstrual cycle
maternal gestation
counted from the estimated date of fertilization, up to 5 days past ovulation
fetal gestation
completion of implantation
zygote period
formation of the major organs
embryonic period
presence of organ to birth
fetal period
decreased response to repeated stimuli
habituation
a stimulus change that produces an increase in a previously habituated response
dishabituation
the castle of little albert
research example
classical conditioning, operant, social learning theory
remember previous theory
ecological theory was developed by
urie bronfenbrenner
states that development occurs as a result of interactions with the environment
ecological approach
factors directly impacting the individual
individual
factors impacting development that are very close or in direct contact with the individual
microsystem
provides a link between each of the individual microsystem factors
mesosystem
factors impacting development that directly impact the microsystem, but may not directly contact the individual
exosystem
directly impact the other systems, but do not have direct contact with the individual
macrosystem
impact of time and major life events on the individual
chronosystem
primary component of this dynamic feedback loop
time
evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive & leave the most fit offspring
natural selection
emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior
evolutionary psychology
behavior that promotes an organism’s survival in its natural habitat
adaptive behavior
threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent
chromosomes
a complex molecule that contains genetic information
DNA
units of hereditary information composed of DNA
genes
the goal is to discover the location of a gene in relation to a marker gene
linkage analysis
term used to describe the vast increase in genetic data
next generation sequencing
cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with 2 new cells being formed
mitosis
a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm
meiosis
a stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called ZYGOTE
fertilization
single cell formed through fertilization
zygote
a person’s genetic heritage; the actual genetic material
genotype
an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and treasurable characteristics
phenotype
form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21
down syndrome
chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosomes, making them XXY instead of XY
klinefelter syndrome
genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks
fragile X syndrome
chromosomal disorder in females; short in stature and have a webbed neck
turner syndrome
chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y Chromosome
XYY Syndrome
genetic disorder; an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid called ‘phenylalanine’
phenylketonuria
genetic disorder; affects red blood cells and occurs most often in people of African descent
sickle cell anemia
mri uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures
brain imaging techniques
prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s abdomen
ultrasound sonography
a small sample of the placenta is removed
chronic villus sampling
a sample of amniotic fluids is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders
amniocentesis
identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects
maternal blood screening
detects the baby’s sex as well as the presence of various diseases
fetal sex determination
the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development
behavior genetics
a study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins
twin study
