Prelims Flashcards
History came from the greek word _, meaning _.
Historia, which means learning by inquiry
It is the act of questioning and seeking for answers through scientific investigation
Inquiry
Kasaysayan is rooted in the words _ and _, which means _.
Salaysay - narrative
Saysay - meaning
It is defined as the account of past events
History
This kind of history answers to what, who, and when questions; it is the vis-a-vis of events
Factual history
This kind of history answers why and how the event happened. It tries to speculate the cause and effect of an event
Speculative history
According to Ambeth Ocampo, __ is the narrative about past events that has meaning to a certain group of people at a given _ and _.
Kasaysayan; time and place
What are the uses of history (3Rs)
Recall historical details
Realize its importance and values learned
Repeat the good parts of history
What is the Greek origin of the word history?
Historie (Iotopia), which means learning
History is the study of the past, encompassing every _ _ —the social, economic, cultural, and political (CMO 16. S. 2010)
human experience
These are archeological and anthropological remains. They are the basis for writing history
Artifacts
This is the act of examining and analyzing records
Historical method
This pertains to imaginative reconstruction of the past from date derived, which is also known as writing history
Historiography
These are the materials from which historians construct meaning
Sources of data
This artifact is from the Manunggul Cave in Palawan. It is considered a National Cultural Treasure
Manunggul Jar
What is considered the oldest human fossil here in the Philippines
Callao Man (67, 000 years old)
This is a burial site with 505 burials and 521 associated ceramics from other countries
Calatagan Batangas
This is considered as the best written source of history
Diplomatic or judicial sources
To __, history is the study of the relevant past. It is the struggle of the Filipino people for freedom.
Agoncillo
What is the Greek origin of history, which means learning
Historie (iotopia)
What is the German origin of history which means to happen
Gechchichte/Yeschechen
History is the study of the past, encompassing every human experience. (CMO No. __ S. ___)
CMO 16. S. 2010
State the 4Ps of Pantayong Pananaw by Zeus Salazar
Pansila, Pangkayo, Pangkami, Pantayo
True or false: A historical context can only be studied in a human setting
True
This refers to the whole history of the past
History as actuality
This refers to the surviving record of history
History as a record
It refers to examining and analyzing historical sources
Historical method
It refers to the imaginative reconstruction of the past from data derived; considered as the writing of history
Historiography
It provides evidence about the existence of an event; it refers to the materials from which historians construct meaning
Sources of historical data
These are the raw materials of historical research–they are the documents closest to the topic of investigation
Primary sources
What are examples of primary sources
Autobiographies and memoirs
Diaries
Interviews and surveys
Emails and blogs
Photograph and drawing
Works of arts and literature
Speeches and oral histories
Original documents (birth certificates, property deeds)
Research data (census statistics)
Records of organizations and government agencies
All artifacts (tools, coins, clothing)
Government documents
Patents
These offer an analysis or a restatement of primary sources; they attempt to describe or explain primary sources
Secondary sources
What are examples of secondary sources
Bibliographies
Biographical works
Reference books (encyclopedias)
Magazines, journals, newspapers
Literature reviews
History books
Works of criticism and interpretation
Commentaries and treatises
What is the process of historical analysis?
- Selection of a subject for investigation
- Collection of probable sources of information
- Examination of the source’s authenticity
True or false: If the evaluation of an available source shows any indication that it is an interpretative work rather than a factual firsthand account, it is considered as a secondary source.
True
True or false: Even primary sources can be biased in some way
True
What are the two kinds of unwritten sources of history
Material evidence
Oral evidence
What are examples of material evidences
artistic creations - ottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches and roads
What are examples of relics in the Philippines?
Manunggul Jar - a national cultural treasure
Tabon Cave Fossil of Palawan - noo at ulo ng taong tabon
Callao Man - oldest human fossil in the Philippines
Calatagan Batangas (burial site)
What are examples of oral evidences
tales or sagas of ancient people
songs or popular rituals
interviews
What are categories of written sources
Narrative, diplomatic, social document
These are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart a message
Narrative source
These are treated as the best written source by historians
Diplomatic sources
Examples of this written source are records kept by bureaucracies, municipal accounts, research findings, civil registry records, records of census
Social document
It is an account of individual experience which reveals the individual’s actions as a participant in social life
Human document
What are the two important goals of historical criticism
- to discover the original meaning of the text in its literal sense
- to establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text
What are the two types of historical criticism?
external and internal criticism
This type of historical criticism is also called the provenance of a source, it is used to determine the authenticity of the material
External criticism
This type of historical criticism investigates credibility. It is about weighing the testimony to the truth. It involves the author’s mental process and ability to tell the truth
Internal criticism
According to Zeus Salazar “ang ___ ay isang ___ na may ___ sa mga taong ____”
“Ang kasaysayan ay isang salaysay na may saysay sa mga taong nagsasaysay”
According to ___ history is the struggle of the Filipino people for freedom
Agoncillo
According to __ history is written by the victors–kasaysayan is the history of the inarticulate
Constantino
True or false: hearsay and secondary evidence is not discarded by historians as long as they are reliable and competent
True, because they are not in a court room and they do not have to make judgements or pass sentences
This type of historical criticism deals with the questions: when and where the document was written; who is the real author; why did the document survive
External criticism
What are Garaghan’s six points of inquiries to evaluate the authenticity of a primary source?
Date
Localization
Authorship
Analysis
Integrity
Credibility
What are the seven internal criteria for evaluating sources according to Howell and Prevenier
Genealogy of the document
Genesis of the document
Originality of the document
Interpretation of the document
Authorship of the document
The competence of the observer
The trustworthiness of the observer
In evaluating sources, this refers to the document may be original, a copy, or a copy of the copy
Genealogy
In evaluating sources, this refers to the situations and authorities during the document’s productions
Genesis of the document
In evaluating sources, it refers to the nature of the document, whether it’s hearsay or secondary evidence
Originality of the document
In evaluating sources, it refers to deducing meaning from the documents
Interptretation of the document
In evaluating sources, this refers to the relationship of the document’s subject matter and its author
Authorship of the document
In evaluating sources, it refers to the author’s capabilities and qualifications to critically comprehend and report
Competence of the observer
In evaluating sources, it refers to the author’s integrity–whether he or she fabricates or reports truthfully
Trustworthiness of the observer
When was the Katipunan founded?
July 7, 1892
What does KKK mean?
Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan
When was the secret organization (KKK) discovered by Spanish officials
August 19, 1896
When was the “Katipunan and the Revolution Memoirs of a General” by Santiago Alvarez published
1992
When was the first meeting between the two factions convened?
March 25, 1897
In the primary source, who was set to undermine the assembly in Tejeros
Mr. Daniel Tirona and many Magdiwang leaders
Who proposed that the goal of the meeting at Tejeros should be to set a new kind of government
Severino de las Alas
According to Bonifacio what did the K in the middle of the Katipunan flag symbolize?
Kalayaan
Which Magdalo member angered General Apoy by arguing that if they would not agree on a kind of revolutionary government, they would be no better than a pack of bandits or wild, mindless animals
Mr. Montenegro
True or false: General Apoy ordered that Mr. Montenegro be arrested after what he said
True
Who is Dr. Jose Rizal’s sister and widow who pleaded with General Apoy not to arrest Mr. Montenegro?
Trining; Josephine
Who helped distribute the ballots who were already filled out without the voters doing it themselves?
Mr. Daniel Tirona
Was Emilio Aguinaldo present during the meeting at Tejeros?
He was not present during the assembly although he won the presidency
Who is the Magdalo member who proposed that the Director of Interior should not be given to Bonifacio but a lawyer of their town, Jose del Rosario
Mr. Daniel Tirona
What kind of gun did Bonifacio pull out to shoot at Mr. Tirona?
Revolver
Who is the president of the Magdalo faction?
Baldomero Aguinaldo
The night after the assembly at Tejeros, some Magdalo members were in the Parish house of the Catholic church at Tanza and they were conferring with the priest Fr. ___ ____
Fr. Cenon Villafranca
Who called another meeting after the tumultuous event to continue and revalidate the proceedings of the election meeting at Tejeros
Magdalo Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo
What happened on March 27, 1897 at the Tanza parish house?
Those elected at the Tejeros convention held a secret oath-taking ceremony officiated by F. Cenon Villafranca
What happened at Imus on March 25, 1897?
The Spaniards captured and occupied the town of Imus in the afternoon of March 25, 1897
What is the title of the book that Teodoro Agonicllo wrote
Revolt of the Masses
What is the title of Chapter 12 in Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses?
Seeds of Discontent
When did Bonifacio went to Cavite to heed the invitation of Artemio Ricarte upon the instruction fof Mariano Alvarez
December 1896
In the secondary source, the Magdalo leaders saw Bonifacio’s gestures and behavior that he regarded himself superior and “acted as if he were a ___”
king
What was the content of the first letter written by Bonifacio to his uncle Mariano Alvarez?
After failing to arrest a Magdalo man in the house of Juan Castaneda, Bonifacio invited his uncle to talk in private so that his uncle might explain the organization to him
According to the secondary source, where was the first meeting between the two factions called?
Imus, Cavite
The Katipunan government is what type of government?
Republican
What was Bonifacio’s reason for writing a letter to his uncle Mariano Alvarez for the second time?
To express his resentment over the results of the elections
Who acted as Chairman of the assembly at Tejeros?
Jacinto Lumbreras
Sino ang ama ng himagsikan
Andres Bonifacio
Sino ang utak ng himagsikan?
Emilio Jacinto
Sino ang ama ng rebolusyon?
Emilio Aguinaldo
Sino ang utak ng rebolusyon
Apolinario Mabini
When was the revolt of the masses published?
1956
Who is the author of the Customs of the Tagalog?
Juan de Plasencia
What is the real name of Juan de Plasencia
Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena
What are some of the famous works of Juan de Plasencia?
Art of Language
Collection of Tagalog Phrases
Christian Doctrines
Diccionario Tagalog
Why was the customs of the tagalog written?
To give the alcaldes-mayor an explanation about the happenings within the society
What are the spokesperson of datos called?
Umalohokan (town chief)
What are the chief who governed the people and were captains in their wars whom they obeyed and revered called?
Datos
This refers to a family of parents and children, relations and slaves
Barangay/Balangay/Balanghai
This refers to the condition in which individuals are owned by others who controls their lives
Slavery
What are the three castes?
nobles, commoners, slaves
They are the one who mostly owns the slaves
Maharlica (Nobles)
These are the ones who accompany dato’s and serve them
Aliping namamahay (commoners)
They serve in the master’s house or land; they can be sold and transferred to a new master
Aliping sa Guiguilir (Slaves)
How were the children divided between the mother and father?
The first to fifth, whether male or female, belonged to the father. The sixth and so on belonged to the mother.
These are given by men to the women’s parents before marriage. If the parents are both alive, they both enjoy the use of it
Dowries
This means a temple or place of adoration
Simbahan
True or false: The Tagalogs didn’t have temples consecrated to the performing of sacrifices and practice of idolatry
True
What is the name of the festival that they celebrate, which also means worship?
Pandot/Nagaanitos
Where did they celebrate their festivals/pandot?
Large house of a chief
This is the headgear of the Tagalogs, which symbolizes the number of persons the wearer had killed
Putong
Give examples of idols that they worship
Bathala
Lic-ha
Dian masalanta
Lacapati masalanta
Tala
Seven little goats
Mapolon
Balatic
Witch: Man or woman of powerful rank, usually a priest who officiates their worship to the devil
Catalonan
What was the Philippines called back then?
Islas Felipinas/Filipinas Islands
This idol signified “all powerful” or “maker of all things”
Bathala
The Tagalogs worshipped a morning star called
Tala
This is the patron of loves and of generation
Dian Masalanta
Patrons of the cultivated lands and of husbandry
Lacapati and Idianale
They paid reverence to water lizards, which they called
Buaya
What were the Tagalog’s objects of sacrifice to the devil?
Goats, fowls, swine, which were flayed and decapitated
Witch: They pretend to heal the sick; can cause death and maladies/sickness; and can prolong life
Mangagauay
Witch: They can cause infidelity, impotence, and sickness; when husbands leave their wives a sickness falls upon them
Manyisalat
Witch: His duty was to emit fire from himself at night which could not be extinguished unless he wallowed in the ordure and filth which falls from the houses; and he who lived the house where the priest was wallowing fell ill and died
Mancocolam
Witch: They are greater than the mangagauay. They can kill anyone by saluting or raising their hand. They can also heal those whom they made ill by their charms. They can also destroy houses of Indian hostiles
Hocloban
Witch: If they saw anyone in white they tear out his liver and eat it
Silagan
Witch: Show himself at night to many persons without his head or entrails. He walked about and pretended to carry his head to different places. Then, the next morning returned to his body alive.
Magtatangal
Witch: Also called sorcerer, this witch can fly; he murders men and ate their flesh
Osuang
Witch: They made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood to infuse the heart with love
Mangangayoma
Witch: Equivalent to a preacher, his office helps someone die, at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul
Sonat
Witch: Is a soothsayer, and predicted the future
Pangatahohan
Witch: Signified a cotquean, this is a man acting as a woman
Bayoguin
What do they do with girls when they have their monthly periods?
They are blindfolded for four days and four nights while their friends and family eat and drink.
What is the other life of rest or, in other words, the village of rest called where people who are just and possessed moral virtues went?
Maca
What is the place of punishment, grief, and affliction (place of anguish) called?
Casanaan
What did they call the demons that dwelt in Casanaan?
Sitans
What were the ghosts and phantoms called?
Vibit and tigbalaang
What are the spokesperson of Datos called?
Umalohokan (town chief)
When did the Magellan-Elcano expedition begin and how many how many men were with them?
August 20, 1519; 270 men
Of the five ships, only how many reached the Phlippines?
three
When did Elcano and the 17 survivors arrive in Spain aboard the ship Victoria
September 7, 1522
Who is the interpreter of Magellan who could speak in Malay language?
Enrique de Malacca
What is the name of the island where Magellan and his men stayed?
Homonhon (Humunu)
What does casi-casi mean?
To be an ally/brother of someone (sanduguan)
Who are teh two kings/rajas who accepted Magellan?
Raja/Raia Colambu and Raja/Raia Siaui
When was the first mass held in the Philippines?
March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)
What did Magellan say was the reason for putting up a cross on the summit of the highest mountain?
To protect the island from harm; it was put in the summit so that every morning the would adore it, and if they did, neither thunder or storms would harm them
What did the captain tell the locals if they wished to become Christians?
- They must burn their idols and set up a cross in their place
- They must adore the cross daily with clasped hands every morning and they were to make the sign of the cross and they ought to come hourly to that cross and adore it kneeling
What was the name of the queen who was baptized by the Spaniards?
Juana/Johanna after the Emperror’s mother
How many were Cebuano’s were baptized ont the first recorded conversion in the Philippines on April 14, 1521
800 souls
What miracle did Magellan do in the island of Zubu to convince the people there to burn their idols and convert to Christianity?
He healed the prince (King Humabon’s brother) who was paralyzed
Who is the king of Matan/Mactan who refused to render obedience to Magellan?
Cilapulapu/Lapu-Lapu
How many Mactan houses did the Spaniards burn?
Twenty to thirty
Why was Magellan unable to draw his sword?
He had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear
How did Pigafetta desribe Magellan when he died?
He said that the Mactans had killed their mirror, light, comfort, and true guide
When did the battle in Mactan between Magellan and Lapu-Lapu’s troops happen?
April 27, 1521
How many were killed in the battle of Mactan among the Mactans and among Magellan’s troops?
Mactans: 15
Spaniards: 8
How many years did the first voyage led by Magellan lasted?
Three
What ship completed the circumnavigation of the globe?
Victoria
What are the relevances of the first voyage?
- proved that the earth is not flat and demolished the myth that there is boiling water at the equator
- Increased geographical knowledge of mankind
- It’s possible to sail around the world
- The gateway of globalization
- Proved that the Portuguese route is not the only way to the Spice Islands; one can go to the east by sailing west
- Discovery of the Pacific Ocean (Mar Pacifico)
- Enriched Philippine historiography
- Used for exploring the beginning of Christianity in the Philippines
