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Understanding the Self > Prelims > Flashcards

Prelims Flashcards

1
Q

Who said that an unexamined life is not worth living? (Know thyself)

A

Socrates

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2
Q

The word philosophy came from the greek words _ and _

A

philos and sophos

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3
Q

What does the greek word philos mean?

A

Love or loving

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4
Q

What does the greek word sophos mean?

A

wise

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5
Q

In other words, philosophy means?

A

Love of wisdom

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6
Q

Who believed that the self consists of two dichotomous realms?

A

Socrates

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7
Q

What are the two dichotomous realms according to Socrates?

A

Physical and ideal

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8
Q

What embodies the physical and ideal realm?

A

Physical: Body
Ideal: Intellectual sense - beauty, truth, goodness

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9
Q

This realm is changeable, transparent, and imperfect

A

Physical realm

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10
Q

This realm is unchanging, eternal, and immortal

A

Ideal realm

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11
Q

For him, virtuousness can be achieved through soul-searching or introspection which leads to a happy and meaningful life

A

Socrates

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12
Q

He started the school in Athens called Academy, which is considered the first institution for higher learning in the Western world

A

Plato

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13
Q

Who is the student of Socrates?

A

Plato

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14
Q

True or false: Plato said that the soul is distinct to man and it is God-given

A

True

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15
Q

According to Plato, the soul inhibits the body as _, _, _ of individual’s actions

A

knower, thinker, determiner

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16
Q

According to Plato, what are the three parts of the soul?

A

Reason, Physical Appetite, Spirit or Passion

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17
Q

This part of the soul controls basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness and empathy

A

Spirit or passion

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18
Q

This part of the soul controls our basic instinctual needs including hunger, thirst, sexual desire

A

Physical appetite

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19
Q

This part of the soul enables a person to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths

A

Reason

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20
Q

He believes that knowledge existed in the soul prior to the actual experience

A

Plato

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21
Q

He is a student of Plato who studied in Athens

A

Aristotle

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22
Q

What is the name of the school which Aristotle founded?

A

Lyceum

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23
Q

Who is Aristotle’s mentee?

A

Alexander the Great

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24
Q

According to Aristotle, there are three functions of the soul:

A

Vegetative, Appetitive, Rational

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25
Q

This function of the soul means the basic maintenance of life

A

Vegetative.

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26
Q

What function of the soul is about desires and motives?

A

Appetitive

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27
Q

What function of the soul controls reason

A

Rational

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28
Q

True or false: The brain is only a gland that performs basic functions

A

True

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29
Q

What are the four senses of being?

A

Corporeal (made of physical materials)
Formal cause
Efficient cause (begets another being)
Final cause

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30
Q

Who proposed the idea of potency and act?

A

Aristotle

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31
Q

An individual carry certain potential but they require to be actualized

A

Potency and act (Aristotle)

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32
Q

This philosopher is born in France and is considered the father of modern philosophy

A

Rene Descartes

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33
Q

Who popularized the concept of self “cogito ergo sum”

A

Rene Descartes

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34
Q

What does cogito ergo sum mean

A

I think therefore I am

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35
Q

Who proposed the idea of dualism and reflex action, which indicates the interaction of the mind and the body

A

Rene Descartes

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36
Q

In the theory of dualism, the mind is the _ entity and the body is the _ entity

A

Spiritual entity (thinking self)
Physical entity (physical self)

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37
Q

Where did Rene Descartes compare the human body in his theory of reflexes?

A

To a machine where the nerves are hallow tubes with animal spirits that are like shooting flames or fountains

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38
Q

This philosopher is born in England and studied in Oxford, he said that all experiences may be analyzed

A

John Locke

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39
Q

John Locke popularized the term Tabula Rasa, which means?

A

blank slate; at birth the mind is a blank sheet that collects its contents through experiencce

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40
Q

True or false: All ideas come from experience according to John Locke

A

True

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41
Q

According to John Locke, the mind is passive and it can only do two things:

A

Sensing (receive experience from the outside world)
Introspection (the mind can reflect upon itself)

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42
Q

This philosopher is a Scotman who believed that the mind is nothing but a collection of different perceptions unified by certain relationships

A

David Hume

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43
Q

It is a school of thought which tells that the knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed or experienced

A

Empiricism

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44
Q

These are basic sensations that include hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold, and heat that are so strong and lively

A

Impressions

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45
Q

_ are thoughts and images from impressions that are less lively and vivid

A

Ideas

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46
Q

Differentiate impressions and ideas

A

Impressions are our feelings while ideas are our conceptions of our feelings

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47
Q

For him, there is no self because we have no experience of a simple impression that they can call the self

A

David Humes

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48
Q

He is a German Enlightenment philosopher who said that we human beings have the faculty called rational will

A

Immanuel Kant

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49
Q

This is the capacity to act according to principles that we determine ourselves

A

Rational will

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50
Q

Who opposed John Locke’s idea that the mind is a blank slate, instead it is capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory experience

A

Immanuel Kant

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51
Q

What is rationality?

A

To stop and think about what we are doing.

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52
Q

It is the ability to stop and think about what we are doing. Through it, we can remove ourselves mentally from the immediacy of our surroundings and reflect on our actions and how it affects the world

A

Rationality

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53
Q

True or false: humans act according to reasons while animals act according to their impulses

A

True

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54
Q

According to him, what truly matters is the behavior that a person does and the self is an entity no one can locate and analyze

A

Gilbert Ryle

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55
Q

Who said I act therefore I am and the self is the same as bodily behaviors?

A

Gilbert Ryle

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56
Q

According to Gilbert Ryle, what is the totality of the human person?

A

the human mind (behavior, system of thoughts, emotions)

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57
Q

Accordnig to him, the mind and body are intertwined and they cannot be separated from one another

A

Maurice Merleau Ponty

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58
Q

True or false: One cannot find any experience that is not an embodied experience

A

True

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59
Q

Who said that the living body, thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one

A

Maurice Merleau Ponty

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60
Q

He is known for his eliminative materialism which tells that the mind is the brain, no brain no self

A

Paul Churchland

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61
Q

True or false: According to Paul Churchland, the mind does not exist because it cannot be expeirenced by the senses

A

True

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62
Q

He converted into Christianity and became the Bishop of Hippo in North Africa

A

St. Augustine

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63
Q

According to St. Augustine, _ is the act of detaching from worldy affairs because true knowledge can only be attained through God

A

Introspection

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64
Q

According to St. Augustine, the soul is the _ of the body

A

Spouse

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65
Q

For him, the self is only known through knowing God

A

St. Augustine

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66
Q

Who said that, knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us, and that truth is knowing God

A

St. Augustine

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67
Q

According to St. Augustine, the self seeks to be united with God through _ and _

A

Faith and reason

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68
Q

Differentiate the vegetative, appetitive and rational soul

A

Plants only have vegetative souls because they can grow, reproduce, and feed itself

Animals both have vegetative and appetitive souls because they also have sensation.

Humans have all three because we have the capacity to grow, think, and feel

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69
Q

Who said that man is a rational animal?

A

Aristotle

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70
Q

Differentiate Aristotle and Plato’s function of the soul

A

For Plato… spirit, physical appetite, reason
For Aristotle vegetative, appetitive, rational

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71
Q

Which philosophers said that each person has an immortal soul?

A

Socrates and St. Augustine

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72
Q

Who said that the body is a source of endless trouble?

A

Plato

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73
Q

Who said that the soul is superior to the body

A

St. Augustine

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74
Q

Who said that the self is a thinking thing

A

Rene Descartes

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75
Q

Who said that the self exists because of memory

A

John Locke

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76
Q

Who said that there is no self, only a bundle of different perceptions

A

David Humes

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77
Q

The self transcends experiences

A

Immanuel Kant

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78
Q

The self is multi-layered

A

Sigmund Freud

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79
Q

The self is the way people behave

A

Gilbert Ryle

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80
Q

The self is the brain

A

Paul Churchland

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81
Q

The self is embodied subjectivity

A

Maurice Ponty

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82
Q

The self is consciousness

A

John Locke

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83
Q

There is no self

A

David Hume

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84
Q

We construct the self

A

Immanuel Kant

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85
Q

The self is the way people behave

A

Gilbert Ryle

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86
Q

The self is embodied subjectivity

A

Maurice Ponty

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87
Q

According to Paul Churchland, this is the view that mental states and processes are not real–these are just illusions created by the brain

A

Eliminative materialism

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88
Q

Who rejected Rene Descartes’ philosophy about dualism?

A

Maurice Merleau Ponty and Gilbert Ryle

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89
Q

Our bodily experiences are intimately intertwined with our perceptions of the world

A

Maurice Merleau Ponty

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90
Q

His philosophy implies that actions speak louder than words, thus he provides a variation of Rene Desccartes’ Cogito ergo sum with “I act therefore I am”

A

Gilbert Ryle

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91
Q

What is the capacity to act according to principles that we determine ourselves?

A

Rational will

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92
Q

Who said that we have the faculty called rational will?

A

Immanuel Kant

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93
Q

Who said that humans act according to reasons while animals act according to impulses

A

Immanuel Kant

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94
Q

Who opposed the idea of Locke, which states that the mind is a blank slate, rather it is capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory experience

A

Immanuel Kant

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95
Q

It is the school of thought that espouses the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed or experienced

A

David Hume

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96
Q

Who proposed that experiences are made of impressions and ideas

A

David Hume

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97
Q

There is no rational justification for beliefs that go beyond what can be observed and experienced; our knowledge is limited to what we can observe through our senses

A

David Hume

98
Q

Who denied the self and said that what truly matters is the behaviors that a person does

A

Gilbert Ryle

99
Q

Who opposed Descartes’ idea that some ideas were in-born because if they were they should be constant in all minds

A

John Locke

100
Q

The ultimate reality or self is pure consciousness or awareness

A

John Locke

101
Q

Who said that the mind can only do two things: sensing and reflecting (introspection), and this is how we are able to think;

A

John Locke

102
Q

He argued that the mind is a non-physical substance that is capable of thinking, reasoning, and introspection, while the body is a physical substance that is subject to the laws of physics and biology

A

Rene Descartes

103
Q

For him, introspection is when an individual tries to describe his own conscious process. (i.e. tell me what comes into your mind)

A

St. Augustine

104
Q

He espouses the importance of prayers and confessions to arrive at a justification for the existence of God

A

St. Augustine

105
Q

Who is the philosopher being pertained to?
- The soul has three functions (vegetative, appetitive, rational) and any being can have four causes (material, formal, efficient, final)

A

Aristotle

106
Q

To him, knowledge existed in the soul prior to any actual experience

A

Plato

107
Q

He argues that mental states and processes can be fully explained by neuroscience and that there are no beliefs to explain behavior

A

Paul Churchland

108
Q

It is the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups

A

Sociology

109
Q

socially formed _, _, _ come to exist within the person, thus developing the person identity

A

norms, beliefs, values

110
Q

What are the three important questions of sociology

A

How does society influence you
How do you affect society
Who are you as a person in the community

111
Q

This means having two or more people interacting with one another, sharing similar characteristics, and whose members identify themselves as part of the group

A

Social Group

112
Q

These are the ties that connect you to your social group (i.e. religious groups, kpop fandom)

A

Social network

113
Q

This is the process by which people learn how to act. These are their norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

A

Socialization

114
Q

Who introduced the concept of I and Me

A

George Herbert Mead

115
Q

George Herbert Mead said that the self ___ from social interactions. It can be ___ over time from social experiences and activities.

A

emerges; developed

116
Q

What are the three stages of development?

A

Language
Play
Games

117
Q

This stage of development allows us to express ourselves and comprehend what others express

A

Language

118
Q

This stage of development is about assuming the roles of others

A

Play

119
Q

This stage of development takes into account societal rules when participating in the society

A

Games

120
Q

This pertains to how the person sees himself

A

I

121
Q

This pertains to how others sees us

A

Me

122
Q

Who developed the theory of the looking glass self?

A

Charles Cooley

123
Q

True or false: Our perception of ourself does not come only from our direct contemplation of oneself

A

True

124
Q

What theory states that the self is a product of internalizing the views of others

A

Looking glass self

125
Q

This pertains to the study of human societies and culture and their development

A

Anthropology

126
Q

According to him, the self as embedded in culture is inherited conception expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate

A

Clifford Gertz

127
Q

True or false: Without culture there is no man, without man there is no culture

A

True

128
Q

This view of the self is isolating because it views the self as an autonomous and distinct individual. In other words, seeing the self as you are

A

Egocentric view

129
Q

This view of the self sees the self as contingent on a social setting.

For example, as an SLSU student you are expected to wear SLSU ID and uniform

A

Sociocentric view

130
Q

How do we form our identity? How do we know the positive and negative things about us?

A

Rites of passage - what people say to us by observing us

131
Q

What are the three aspects of the self

A

Public self
Private Self
Collective Self

132
Q

True or false: According to the western concept of self, the self is an entity distinct from other selves and other entities

A

True

133
Q

This is the tendency to see reality as an aggregate of parts

A

Western self as analytic

134
Q

This is the belief that there is only one self

A

Western self as monotheistic

135
Q

In this view of the self, self-expression and self-actualization are important ways of establishing who one is; although individual freedom provides self-fulfilment, it also increases experience of alienation

A

Western self as individualistic

136
Q

This view of the self discredits explanations that do not use analytic-deductive modes of thinking; we provide a rational explanation of things

A

Western self as materialistic and rationalistic

137
Q

In what stage of the development of the western concept of self did the concept of self re-emerged within the social-interactionist framework in the early 1900s

A

Stage 2 (1850-1940)

138
Q

In what stage of the development of the western concept of self were there attempts to characterize the self through the concepts of soul and mind

A

Stage 1 (Pre-christian, times until 1850)

139
Q

In what stage of the development of the western concept of self were there a multidirectional and continuous development of the concept of self?

A

Stage 4 (1940-present)

140
Q

Sociological and psychological theories of self encompass all three levels of self:

A

Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Social Self

Private, Public, Collective Self

141
Q

True or false: In the East, philosophy and religion are twisted together

A

True

142
Q

What is the commnon goal of the four systems of Eastern thought about the self

A

to teach how to become a perfect person

143
Q

According to this belief the true self is permanent and unchanging, the non-true self is imparmanent and changes continually

A

Hinduism

144
Q

The hindu concept of the self is expounded in ___

A

Vedanta

145
Q

What does Atman mean

A

Soul or spirit

146
Q

____ characterizes human suffering as the result of failure to realize the distinction between the true self and the non-true self

A

Vedanta

147
Q

In Hinduism, what is the spiritual progress of the human soul called

A

karma

148
Q

What is the most important doctrine of Hinduism

A

Law of karma

149
Q

In Hinduism, moral responsibilites are called

A

dharma

150
Q

In what tree did Siddharta Gautama obtained enlightenment

A

Bodhi tree

151
Q

What does bodhi mean

A

enlightenment

152
Q

What is the root word of buddhism

A

budh

153
Q

What does budh mean

A

to awake, which leads to more understanding of the self and the world

154
Q

True or false: Every person has the potential to be a Buddha

A

True

155
Q

What are the four noble truths according to Buddhism

A
  1. life is suffering
  2. suffering is caused by attachment to desires
  3. suffering can be eliminated
  4. elimination of suffering is through the practice of the eightfold path
156
Q

What is the eightfold path?

A

Right view, right aspiration, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration

157
Q

What does samma sati mean?

A

Right mindfulness

158
Q

In Buddhist philosophy, man is just a title for the summation of the five parts, however each of the parts distinctly is not man

A

matter, sensation, perception, mental constructs, and consciousness

159
Q

What philosophy tells that man has no self, and that there is only nothing and all else is an illusion. There is nothing permanent but change

A

Buddhism

160
Q

True or false: The ignorance of the impermanence of everything may lead to an illusion of selfhood

A

True

161
Q

___ os the state of spiritual enlightenment and peace

A

Nirvana

162
Q

Nirvana can be achieved through ___

A

meditation

163
Q

The concept of self is related to the social aspect of human existence; the self is conceived as a relational self

A

Confucianism

164
Q

According to this doctrine, the ideal self can be achieved through a harmonization of one’s everyday communication with other individuals

A

Confucianism

165
Q

The Golden Rule is also known as

A

The principle of reciprocity

166
Q

What are the five cardinal relationships

A
  1. ruler and minister
  2. father and son
  3. husband and wife
  4. between brothers
  5. between friends
167
Q

According to this doctrine, self cultivation could be accomplished by knowing one’s role in society and acting accordingly

A

Confucianism

168
Q

What is the Chinese counterculture of Confucisanism?

A

Taoism

169
Q

According to ___, the self is an extension of the cosmos, not of social relationships

A

Taoism

170
Q

This is regarded as the nature that is the foundation of all that exists

A

Tao

171
Q

The ideal of ___ is the achievement of a lack of self or selflessness, because the perfect man has no self

A

Taoism

172
Q

___ is attained when the distinction between I and other dissolves

A

Selflessness

173
Q

There is a separation between philosophy and religion

A

Western thought

174
Q

Religion and philosophy are intertwined

A

Eastern thought

175
Q

Examples of belief systems of this approach to the self are: scholasticism, rationalism, empiricism, phenomenology

A

Western thought

176
Q

What approach to the self has made use of reason rather than pursue wisdom?

A

Western thought

177
Q

What is the mode of cognition of the Eastern thought?

A

Synthetic and Inductive

178
Q

The western thought’s view of the universe and life is circular or linear?

A

Linear

179
Q

The Eastern view of the self is egocentric or sociocentric?

A

Sociocentric

180
Q

The western’s theological view of the self is monotheistic or polytheistic?

A

Monotheistic

181
Q

The ideal of this approach to the self is self-actualization through personal growth

A

Western thought

182
Q

What is the cultural framework of Eastern thought?

A

Collectivism

183
Q

According to __ thought, independence and self-reliance are core values

A

Western

184
Q

There are no distinctions between personal and group goals

A

Eastern thought

185
Q

Characterized by exchange relationship

A

Western thought

186
Q

Conformity and obedience are essential social behaviors

A

Eastern thought

187
Q

Personal success is important

A

Western thought

188
Q

Duty towards all others is important

A

Eastern thought

189
Q

Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmnund Freud

190
Q

What refers to a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind

A

Psychoanalysis

191
Q

Who said that the child is the father of the man?

A

Sigmund Freud

192
Q

What are the three structures of the self according to Sigmund Freud?

A

Id, ego, superego

193
Q

It is the biological component of self which is based on the pleasure principle.

A

Id

194
Q

It refers to the I or the self; is the objective component of personality and is based on the Reality Principle

A

Ego

195
Q

It serves as the moral arm of personality; it consists of the conscience and ego ideals

A

Superego

196
Q

It refers to the ego’s ability to resolve the conflict between the structures

A

ego strength

197
Q

What are the five psychosexual stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

198
Q

What is roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts

A

Libido

199
Q

True or false: Freud believed that life was built around tension and pleasure

A

True

200
Q

Satisfaction from all things comes from the mouth

A

Oral (Birth to 1 year)

201
Q

Self derives pleasure from defecating. Self is now fully aware that he is a person and that his wishes can bring him into conflict.

A

Anal (1-3 years)

202
Q

This personality hates mess, is obsessively tidy, punctual and respectful of authority

A

Anal-retentive

203
Q

This personality is messy, disorganized, and rebellious

A

Anal-expulsive

204
Q

The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences called ___ (in boys) and ___ (in girls)

A

Oedipus complex and Electra complex

205
Q

This is the psychosexual stage when the child adopts the characteristics of the same sex parent

A

Phallic

206
Q

Psychosexual stage is when libido is dormant and play becomes largely confined to other children of the same gender

A

Latency

207
Q

The psychosexual stage where sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure rather than self-pleasure.

A

Genital

208
Q

The proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults is through

A

heterosexual intercourse

209
Q

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development

A

Erik Erickson

210
Q

What is the most important event in the first stage of psychosocial development?

A

Feeding

211
Q

This is the first stage of Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development and is the most fundamental stage in life.

A

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)

212
Q

What pertains to openness to experience tempered by some wariness that danger may be present

A

hope

213
Q

What is the most important event in the second stage of psychosocial developmment?

A

potty training

214
Q

The second stage of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control

A

Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood)

215
Q

What is the most important eent in the second stage of psychosocial development

A

Toilet training

216
Q

This pertains to the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits

A

will

217
Q

This psychosocial development takes place during the preschool years when children begin to assert their power and control over their environment through social interactions

A

Third stage: Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool)

218
Q

When an ideal balance of individual initiative and a willingness to work with others is achieved, the ego quality known as __ emerges

A

purpose

219
Q

In this psychosocial stage of development, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities through social interactions

A

Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority (School age)

220
Q

This is the fourth psychosocial stage, which takes place during the early school years. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority

A

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

221
Q

This pertains to a child’s belief in their abilities to handle the tasks set before them

A

Competence

222
Q

This refers to all the beliefs, ideals, and values that help shape and guide a person’s behavior

A

identity

223
Q

This stage, which takes place during the turbulent teenage years, plays an essential role in developing a sense of personal identity

A

Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion

224
Q

This is described as an ability to live by society’s standards and expectations

A

Fidelity

225
Q

This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships

A

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)

226
Q

hat is the most important event in the sixth stage of psychosocial development?

A

Romantic relationships

227
Q

This is the outcome of the sixth stage of social development (intimacy vs. isolation) , which is marked by the ability to form lasting, meaningful relationships with other people

A

love

228
Q

Being proud of your accomplishments, watching your children grow into adults, and developing a sense of unity with your life partner are important accomplishments of this stage

A

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

229
Q

What is the most important event in the seventh psychosocial stage of development?

A

Career and Family/Work and Parenthood

230
Q

What is the virtue achieved when the seventh stage of psychosocial development (generativity vs. stagnation) is achieved?

A

Care

231
Q

What is the final psychosocial stage that occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life

A

Stage 8: Integrity vs Despair (Maturity)

232
Q

What is the most important event in the eight stage pf psychosocial development of life?

A

Reflection on life

233
Q

What outcome is achieved in the final stage of psychosocial development when the person looks back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction

A

Wisdom

234
Q

What are the 8 psychosocial stages of development according to erik erickson?

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (hope)
  2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (will)
  3. Initiative vs Guilt (purpose)
  4. Industry vs Inferiority (confidence)
  5. Identity vs Role Confusion (fidelity)
  6. Intimacy vs Isolation (love)
  7. Generativity vs Stagnation (care)
  8. Integrity vs. Despair (wisdom)
235
Q

What is the most important event in the eight stage of psychosocial development of life?

A

Reflection on life

236
Q

Who proposed the theory of creative self, which is the ability of the individual to create and re-create himself and set his own directions to take

A

Alfred Adler

237
Q

Who created the person-centered theory which is also referred to as self-theory

A

Carl Rogers

238
Q

Who came up with the concept of the ideal self and real self

A

Carl Rogers

239
Q

Who is the ‘Father of American Psychology’?

A

William James

240
Q

According to William James, the me self is further divided into three subcategories

A

the material self, social self, spiritual self

241
Q

Who said that “The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of mind.”

A

Wiliam James

Understanding the Self (3 decks)

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