Prelims Flashcards
1
Q
Who said that an unexamined life is not worth living? (Know thyself)
A
Socrates
2
Q
The word philosophy came from the greek words _ and _
A
philos and sophos
3
Q
What does the greek word philos mean?
A
Love or loving
4
Q
What does the greek word sophos mean?
A
wise
5
Q
In other words, philosophy means?
A
Love of wisdom
6
Q
Who believed that the self consists of two dichotomous realms?
A
Socrates
7
Q
What are the two dichotomous realms according to Socrates?
A
Physical and ideal
8
Q
What embodies the physical and ideal realm?
A
Physical: Body
Ideal: Intellectual sense - beauty, truth, goodness
9
Q
This realm is changeable, transparent, and imperfect
A
Physical realm
10
Q
This realm is unchanging, eternal, and immortal
A
Ideal realm
11
Q
For him, virtuousness can be achieved through soul-searching or introspection which leads to a happy and meaningful life
A
Socrates
12
Q
He started the school in Athens called Academy, which is considered the first institution for higher learning in the Western world
A
Plato
13
Q
Who is the student of Socrates?
A
Plato
14
Q
True or false: Plato said that the soul is distinct to man and it is God-given
A
True
15
Q
According to Plato, the soul inhibits the body as _, _, _ of individual’s actions
A
knower, thinker, determiner
16
Q
According to Plato, what are the three parts of the soul?
A
Reason, Physical Appetite, Spirit or Passion
17
Q
This part of the soul controls basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness and empathy
A
Spirit or passion
18
Q
This part of the soul controls our basic instinctual needs including hunger, thirst, sexual desire
A
Physical appetite
19
Q
This part of the soul enables a person to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths
A
Reason
20
Q
He believes that knowledge existed in the soul prior to the actual experience
A
Plato
21
Q
He is a student of Plato who studied in Athens
A
Aristotle
22
Q
What is the name of the school which Aristotle founded?
A
Lyceum
23
Q
Who is Aristotle’s mentee?
A
Alexander the Great
24
Q
According to Aristotle, there are three functions of the soul:
A
Vegetative, Appetitive, Rational
25
This function of the soul means the basic maintenance of life
Vegetative.
26
What function of the soul is about desires and motives?
Appetitive
27
What function of the soul controls reason
Rational
28
True or false: The brain is only a gland that performs basic functions
True
29
What are the four senses of being?
Corporeal (made of physical materials)
Formal cause
Efficient cause (begets another being)
Final cause
30
Who proposed the idea of potency and act?
Aristotle
31
An individual carry certain potential but they require to be actualized
Potency and act (Aristotle)
32
This philosopher is born in France and is considered the father of modern philosophy
Rene Descartes
33
Who popularized the concept of self "cogito ergo sum"
Rene Descartes
34
What does cogito ergo sum mean
I think therefore I am
35
Who proposed the idea of dualism and reflex action, which indicates the interaction of the mind and the body
Rene Descartes
36
In the theory of dualism, the mind is the _ entity and the body is the _ entity
Spiritual entity (thinking self)
Physical entity (physical self)
37
Where did Rene Descartes compare the human body in his theory of reflexes?
To a machine where the nerves are hallow tubes with animal spirits that are like shooting flames or fountains
38
This philosopher is born in England and studied in Oxford, he said that all experiences may be analyzed
John Locke
39
John Locke popularized the term Tabula Rasa, which means?
blank slate; at birth the mind is a blank sheet that collects its contents through experiencce
40
True or false: All ideas come from experience according to John Locke
True
41
According to John Locke, the mind is passive and it can only do two things:
Sensing (receive experience from the outside world)
Introspection (the mind can reflect upon itself)
42
This philosopher is a Scotman who believed that the mind is nothing but a collection of different perceptions unified by certain relationships
David Hume
43
It is a school of thought which tells that the knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed or experienced
Empiricism
44
These are basic sensations that include hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold, and heat that are so strong and lively
Impressions
45
_ are thoughts and images from impressions that are less lively and vivid
Ideas
46
Differentiate impressions and ideas
Impressions are our feelings while ideas are our conceptions of our feelings
47
For him, there is no self because we have no experience of a simple impression that they can call the self
David Humes
48
He is a German Enlightenment philosopher who said that we human beings have the faculty called rational will
Immanuel Kant
49
This is the capacity to act according to principles that we determine ourselves
Rational will
50
Who opposed John Locke's idea that the mind is a blank slate, instead it is capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory experience
Immanuel Kant
51
What is rationality?
To stop and think about what we are doing.
52
It is the ability to stop and think about what we are doing. Through it, we can remove ourselves mentally from the immediacy of our surroundings and reflect on our actions and how it affects the world
Rationality
53
True or false: humans act according to reasons while animals act according to their impulses
True
54
According to him, what truly matters is the behavior that a person does and the self is an entity no one can locate and analyze
Gilbert Ryle
55
Who said I act therefore I am and the self is the same as bodily behaviors?
Gilbert Ryle
56
According to Gilbert Ryle, what is the totality of the human person?
the human mind (behavior, system of thoughts, emotions)
57
Accordnig to him, the mind and body are intertwined and they cannot be separated from one another
Maurice Merleau Ponty
58
True or false: One cannot find any experience that is not an embodied experience
True
59
Who said that the living body, thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one
Maurice Merleau Ponty
60
He is known for his eliminative materialism which tells that the mind is the brain, no brain no self
Paul Churchland
61
True or false: According to Paul Churchland, the mind does not exist because it cannot be expeirenced by the senses
True
62
He converted into Christianity and became the Bishop of Hippo in North Africa
St. Augustine
63
According to St. Augustine, _ is the act of detaching from worldy affairs because true knowledge can only be attained through God
Introspection
64
According to St. Augustine, the soul is the _ of the body
Spouse
65
For him, the self is only known through knowing God
St. Augustine
66
Who said that, knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us, and that truth is knowing God
St. Augustine
67
According to St. Augustine, the self seeks to be united with God through _ and _
Faith and reason
68
Differentiate the vegetative, appetitive and rational soul
Plants only have vegetative souls because they can grow, reproduce, and feed itself
Animals both have vegetative and appetitive souls because they also have sensation.
Humans have all three because we have the capacity to grow, think, and feel
69
Who said that man is a rational animal?
Aristotle
70
Differentiate Aristotle and Plato's function of the soul
For Plato... spirit, physical appetite, reason
For Aristotle vegetative, appetitive, rational
71
Which philosophers said that each person has an immortal soul?
Socrates and St. Augustine
72
Who said that the body is a source of endless trouble?
Plato
73
Who said that the soul is superior to the body
St. Augustine
74
Who said that the self is a thinking thing
Rene Descartes
75
Who said that the self exists because of memory
John Locke
76
Who said that there is no self, only a bundle of different perceptions
David Humes
77
The self transcends experiences
Immanuel Kant
78
The self is multi-layered
Sigmund Freud
79
The self is the way people behave
Gilbert Ryle
80
The self is the brain
Paul Churchland
81
The self is embodied subjectivity
Maurice Ponty
82
The self is consciousness
John Locke
83
There is no self
David Hume
84
We construct the self
Immanuel Kant
85
The self is the way people behave
Gilbert Ryle
86
The self is embodied subjectivity
Maurice Ponty
87
According to Paul Churchland, this is the view that mental states and processes are not real--these are just illusions created by the brain
Eliminative materialism
88
Who rejected Rene Descartes' philosophy about dualism?
Maurice Merleau Ponty and Gilbert Ryle
89
Our bodily experiences are intimately intertwined with our perceptions of the world
Maurice Merleau Ponty
90
His philosophy implies that actions speak louder than words, thus he provides a variation of Rene Desccartes' Cogito ergo sum with "I act therefore I am"
Gilbert Ryle
91
What is the capacity to act according to principles that we determine ourselves?
Rational will
92
Who said that we have the faculty called rational will?
Immanuel Kant
93
Who said that humans act according to reasons while animals act according to impulses
Immanuel Kant
94
Who opposed the idea of Locke, which states that the mind is a blank slate, rather it is capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory experience
Immanuel Kant
95
It is the school of thought that espouses the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed or experienced
David Hume
96
Who proposed that experiences are made of impressions and ideas
David Hume
97
There is no rational justification for beliefs that go beyond what can be observed and experienced; our knowledge is limited to what we can observe through our senses
David Hume
98
Who denied the self and said that what truly matters is the behaviors that a person does
Gilbert Ryle
99
Who opposed Descartes' idea that some ideas were in-born because if they were they should be constant in all minds
John Locke
100
The ultimate reality or self is pure consciousness or awareness
John Locke
101
Who said that the mind can only do two things: sensing and reflecting (introspection), and this is how we are able to think;
John Locke
102
He argued that the mind is a non-physical substance that is capable of thinking, reasoning, and introspection, while the body is a physical substance that is subject to the laws of physics and biology
Rene Descartes
103
For him, introspection is when an individual tries to describe his own conscious process. (i.e. tell me what comes into your mind)
St. Augustine
104
He espouses the importance of prayers and confessions to arrive at a justification for the existence of God
St. Augustine
105
Who is the philosopher being pertained to?
- The soul has three functions (vegetative, appetitive, rational) and any being can have four causes (material, formal, efficient, final)
Aristotle
106
To him, knowledge existed in the soul prior to any actual experience
Plato
107
He argues that mental states and processes can be fully explained by neuroscience and that there are no beliefs to explain behavior
Paul Churchland
108
It is the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups
Sociology
109
socially formed _, _, _ come to exist within the person, thus developing the person identity
norms, beliefs, values
110
What are the three important questions of sociology
How does society influence you
How do you affect society
Who are you as a person in the community
111
This means having two or more people interacting with one another, sharing similar characteristics, and whose members identify themselves as part of the group
Social Group
112
These are the ties that connect you to your social group (i.e. religious groups, kpop fandom)
Social network
113
This is the process by which people learn how to act. These are their norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
Socialization
114
Who introduced the concept of I and Me
George Herbert Mead
115
George Herbert Mead said that the self ___ from social interactions. It can be ___ over time from social experiences and activities.
emerges; developed
116
What are the three stages of development?
Language
Play
Games
117
This stage of development allows us to express ourselves and comprehend what others express
Language
118
This stage of development is about assuming the roles of others
Play
119
This stage of development takes into account societal rules when participating in the society
Games
120
This pertains to how the person sees himself
I
121
This pertains to how others sees us
Me
122
Who developed the theory of the looking glass self?
Charles Cooley
123
True or false: Our perception of ourself does not come only from our direct contemplation of oneself
True
124
What theory states that the self is a product of internalizing the views of others
Looking glass self
125
This pertains to the study of human societies and culture and their development
Anthropology
126
According to him, the self as embedded in culture is inherited conception expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate
Clifford Gertz
127
True or false: Without culture there is no man, without man there is no culture
True
128
This view of the self is isolating because it views the self as an autonomous and distinct individual. In other words, seeing the self as you are
Egocentric view
129
This view of the self sees the self as contingent on a social setting.
For example, as an SLSU student you are expected to wear SLSU ID and uniform
Sociocentric view
130
How do we form our identity? How do we know the positive and negative things about us?
Rites of passage - what people say to us by observing us
131
What are the three aspects of the self
Public self
Private Self
Collective Self
132
True or false: According to the western concept of self, the self is an entity distinct from other selves and other entities
True
133
This is the tendency to see reality as an aggregate of parts
Western self as analytic
134
This is the belief that there is only one self
Western self as monotheistic
135
In this view of the self, self-expression and self-actualization are important ways of establishing who one is; although individual freedom provides self-fulfilment, it also increases experience of alienation
Western self as individualistic
136
This view of the self discredits explanations that do not use analytic-deductive modes of thinking; we provide a rational explanation of things
Western self as materialistic and rationalistic
137
In what stage of the development of the western concept of self did the concept of self re-emerged within the social-interactionist framework in the early 1900s
Stage 2 (1850-1940)
138
In what stage of the development of the western concept of self were there attempts to characterize the self through the concepts of soul and mind
Stage 1 (Pre-christian, times until 1850)
139
In what stage of the development of the western concept of self were there a multidirectional and continuous development of the concept of self?
Stage 4 (1940-present)
140
Sociological and psychological theories of self encompass all three levels of self:
Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Social Self
Private, Public, Collective Self
141
True or false: In the East, philosophy and religion are twisted together
True
142
What is the commnon goal of the four systems of Eastern thought about the self
to teach how to become a perfect person
143
According to this belief the true self is permanent and unchanging, the non-true self is imparmanent and changes continually
Hinduism
144
The hindu concept of the self is expounded in ___
Vedanta
145
What does Atman mean
Soul or spirit
146
____ characterizes human suffering as the result of failure to realize the distinction between the true self and the non-true self
Vedanta
147
In Hinduism, what is the spiritual progress of the human soul called
karma
148
What is the most important doctrine of Hinduism
Law of karma
149
In Hinduism, moral responsibilites are called
dharma
150
In what tree did Siddharta Gautama obtained enlightenment
Bodhi tree
151
What does bodhi mean
enlightenment
152
What is the root word of buddhism
budh
153
What does budh mean
to awake, which leads to more understanding of the self and the world
154
True or false: Every person has the potential to be a Buddha
True
155
What are the four noble truths according to Buddhism
1. life is suffering
2. suffering is caused by attachment to desires
3. suffering can be eliminated
4. elimination of suffering is through the practice of the eightfold path
156
What is the eightfold path?
Right view, right aspiration, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration
157
What does samma sati mean?
Right mindfulness
158
In Buddhist philosophy, man is just a title for the summation of the five parts, however each of the parts distinctly is not man
matter, sensation, perception, mental constructs, and consciousness
159
What philosophy tells that man has no self, and that there is only nothing and all else is an illusion. There is nothing permanent but change
Buddhism
160
True or false: The ignorance of the impermanence of everything may lead to an illusion of selfhood
True
161
___ os the state of spiritual enlightenment and peace
Nirvana
162
Nirvana can be achieved through ___
meditation
163
The concept of self is related to the social aspect of human existence; the self is conceived as a relational self
Confucianism
164
According to this doctrine, the ideal self can be achieved through a harmonization of one's everyday communication with other individuals
Confucianism
165
The Golden Rule is also known as
The principle of reciprocity
166
What are the five cardinal relationships
1. ruler and minister
2. father and son
3. husband and wife
4. between brothers
5. between friends
167
According to this doctrine, self cultivation could be accomplished by knowing one's role in society and acting accordingly
Confucianism
168
What is the Chinese counterculture of Confucisanism?
Taoism
169
According to ___, the self is an extension of the cosmos, not of social relationships
Taoism
170
This is regarded as the nature that is the foundation of all that exists
Tao
171
The ideal of ___ is the achievement of a lack of self or selflessness, because the perfect man has no self
Taoism
172
___ is attained when the distinction between I and other dissolves
Selflessness
173
There is a separation between philosophy and religion
Western thought
174
Religion and philosophy are intertwined
Eastern thought
175
Examples of belief systems of this approach to the self are: scholasticism, rationalism, empiricism, phenomenology
Western thought
176
What approach to the self has made use of reason rather than pursue wisdom?
Western thought
177
What is the mode of cognition of the Eastern thought?
Synthetic and Inductive
178
The western thought's view of the universe and life is circular or linear?
Linear
179
The Eastern view of the self is egocentric or sociocentric?
Sociocentric
180
The western's theological view of the self is monotheistic or polytheistic?
Monotheistic
181
The ideal of this approach to the self is self-actualization through personal growth
Western thought
182
What is the cultural framework of Eastern thought?
Collectivism
183
According to __ thought, independence and self-reliance are core values
Western
184
There are no distinctions between personal and group goals
Eastern thought
185
Characterized by exchange relationship
Western thought
186
Conformity and obedience are essential social behaviors
Eastern thought
187
Personal success is important
Western thought
188
Duty towards all others is important
Eastern thought
189
Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?
Sigmnund Freud
190
What refers to a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind
Psychoanalysis
191
Who said that the child is the father of the man?
Sigmund Freud
192
What are the three structures of the self according to Sigmund Freud?
Id, ego, superego
193
It is the biological component of self which is based on the pleasure principle.
Id
194
It refers to the I or the self; is the objective component of personality and is based on the Reality Principle
Ego
195
It serves as the moral arm of personality; it consists of the conscience and ego ideals
Superego
196
It refers to the ego's ability to resolve the conflict between the structures
ego strength
197
What are the five psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
198
What is roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts
Libido
199
True or false: Freud believed that life was built around tension and pleasure
True
200
Satisfaction from all things comes from the mouth
Oral (Birth to 1 year)
201
Self derives pleasure from defecating. Self is now fully aware that he is a person and that his wishes can bring him into conflict.
Anal (1-3 years)
202
This personality hates mess, is obsessively tidy, punctual and respectful of authority
Anal-retentive
203
This personality is messy, disorganized, and rebellious
Anal-expulsive
204
The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences called ___ (in boys) and ___ (in girls)
Oedipus complex and Electra complex
205
This is the psychosexual stage when the child adopts the characteristics of the same sex parent
Phallic
206
Psychosexual stage is when libido is dormant and play becomes largely confined to other children of the same gender
Latency
207
The psychosexual stage where sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure rather than self-pleasure.
Genital
208
The proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults is through
heterosexual intercourse
209
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development
Erik Erickson
210
What is the most important event in the first stage of psychosocial development?
Feeding
211
This is the first stage of Erickson's theory of psychosocial development and is the most fundamental stage in life.
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
212
What pertains to openness to experience tempered by some wariness that danger may be present
hope
213
What is the most important event in the second stage of psychosocial developmment?
potty training
214
The second stage of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control
Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood)
215
What is the most important eent in the second stage of psychosocial development
Toilet training
216
This pertains to the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits
will
217
This psychosocial development takes place during the preschool years when children begin to assert their power and control over their environment through social interactions
Third stage: Initiative vs Guilt (Preschool)
218
When an ideal balance of individual initiative and a willingness to work with others is achieved, the ego quality known as __ emerges
purpose
219
In this psychosocial stage of development, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities through social interactions
Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority (School age)
220
This is the fourth psychosocial stage, which takes place during the early school years. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
221
This pertains to a child's belief in their abilities to handle the tasks set before them
Competence
222
This refers to all the beliefs, ideals, and values that help shape and guide a person's behavior
identity
223
This stage, which takes place during the turbulent teenage years, plays an essential role in developing a sense of personal identity
Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion
224
This is described as an ability to live by society's standards and expectations
Fidelity
225
This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
226
hat is the most important event in the sixth stage of psychosocial development?
Romantic relationships
227
This is the outcome of the sixth stage of social development (intimacy vs. isolation) , which is marked by the ability to form lasting, meaningful relationships with other people
love
228
Being proud of your accomplishments, watching your children grow into adults, and developing a sense of unity with your life partner are important accomplishments of this stage
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
229
What is the most important event in the seventh psychosocial stage of development?
Career and Family/Work and Parenthood
230
What is the virtue achieved when the seventh stage of psychosocial development (generativity vs. stagnation) is achieved?
Care
231
What is the final psychosocial stage that occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life
Stage 8: Integrity vs Despair (Maturity)
232
What is the most important event in the eight stage pf psychosocial development of life?
Reflection on life
233
What outcome is achieved in the final stage of psychosocial development when the person looks back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction
Wisdom
234
What are the 8 psychosocial stages of development according to erik erickson?
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (hope)
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (will)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (purpose)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (confidence)
5. Identity vs Role Confusion (fidelity)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (love)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (care)
8. Integrity vs. Despair (wisdom)
235
What is the most important event in the eight stage of psychosocial development of life?
Reflection on life
236
Who proposed the theory of creative self, which is the ability of the individual to create and re-create himself and set his own directions to take
Alfred Adler
237
Who created the person-centered theory which is also referred to as self-theory
Carl Rogers
238
Who came up with the concept of the ideal self and real self
Carl Rogers
239
Who is the 'Father of American Psychology'?
William James
240
According to William James, the me self is further divided into three subcategories
the material self, social self, spiritual self
241
Who said that "The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes of mind."
Wiliam James
