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3 I's > Prelims > Flashcards

Prelims Flashcards

1
Q

measurement tools (e.g., questionnaires or
scales) designed to obtain data on a topic of interest from research subjects.

A

Research Instruments

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2
Q

total number of the expected participants

A

population

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3
Q

representative of the population

A

sample

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4
Q

list of numbers of population

A

sampling frame

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5
Q

preferred mode of data collection in social
science research particularly quantitative studies

A

Survey

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6
Q

often take the form of questionnaires

A

Survey

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7
Q

the difference between survey and questionnaire?

A

Survey is the process
Questionnaire is the material

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8
Q

useful when the unit of analysis is individuals
or persons

A

Survey

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9
Q

Why Survey?

A
  • generalizes information from the sample when the population is too large
  • enables to collect of quantitative or numerical descriptions of trends, attitudes, behaviors, or opinion
  • preferable alternative to disclosing information about sensitive issues ensuring confidentiality and anonymity
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10
Q

Anonymity vs Confidentiality

A

Anonymity - on the participants, who did not disclose who they are

Confidentiality - the researcher knows who the participant is but will not disclose the information to others.

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11
Q

Why not survey?

A
  • has tendencies to permit biases of social desirability (where the participant chooses an answer that will satisfy the expectation of others)
  • Misinterpretation compels respondents to select possible item for their response due to predetermined list of possible answers, limiting data acquisition.
  • Ambiguity occurs when subjects misunderstand the meaning of an item providing their own interpretation rather than the researcher’s intent
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12
Q

Basic Principles in Designing Survey Questionnaire

A
  1. address survey fatigue
  2. Survey must be clear and unambiguous
  3. Avoid double-barreled questions/multiple parts
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13
Q

How does survey fatigue occur?

A

respondents weigh the questionnaire length when answering a survey

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14
Q

Possible outcomes of a survey fatigue

A
  • tend to lose interest
  • answer hastily without clearly understanding the items
  • reject participating in the survey
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15
Q

Solution to survey fatigue

A

keep surveys at minimum length without comprising the quality of item

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16
Q

How to tell if the survey is clear and unambiguous?

A

respondents quickly understand the purpose of the survey and provide answers without difficulty

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17
Q

how to achieve a clear and unambiguous survey?

A

Do not compress several questions into a single item, abbreviate words, and disregard proper formatting to shorten questionnaires which may result in confusion or error

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18
Q

how to Avoid double-barreled questions/multiple parts

A
  • examine items with the word “and”
    (ex. “Were you able to register and vote for the 2022 Presidential elections? Yes or No?”)
  • substitute clearly defined, familiar terms instead of unfamiliar terms and jargon
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19
Q

Methods to reduce errors and biases

A
  1. Pretesting
  2. Pilot testing
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20
Q

How can pretesting help reduce errors and biases?

A
  • detect problem in the questionnaire and survey administration process
  • reviewing the questionnaire through focused group discussion by a selected panel
  • help establish the variables or indicators of interest
21
Q

How can pilot testing help reduce errors and biases?

A
  • testing survey questionnaire in the same circumstances the researchers intend to carry it out:
    1. determine how long the survey will take
    2. determine possible problems the researchers and respondents might encounter
    3. gauge (guide) respondents’ behavior toward answering the survey
  • share findings and experiences with others to enhance knowledge and research process
22
Q

Characteristics of a Good Research Instrument

A
  • Valid and Reliability - The instrument should pass the validity and reliability tests.
  • Concise - Must be brief enough to elicit the needed data based on the research questions. (answers the research question)
  • Sequential - Items are logically arranged.
  • Easily Tabulated - Do away (avoid) with questions that will require long responses
23
Q

Validity vs Reliability

A

Validity - from professionals and experts
Reliability - consistency / consistent results

24
Q

Parts of the Questionnaire

A

I. Title of the survey
II. Introduction
A. Purpose of the Questionnaire
B. Confidentiality Statement
C. Voluntary Participation
D. How to Submit the Questionnaire
III. Demographic Profile
IV. Body
A. General Directions
B. Specific Directions
1. How to respond
2. Explain the response categories
V. Closing Statement

25
Q

Types of Survey Questions

A
  1. Open-ended questions
  2. Dichotomous questions
  3. Multiple-response questions
  4. Matrix questions
  5. Contingency questions
26
Q

type of survey question that do not have predetermined options or answers allowing respondents to answer freely

A

Open-ended questions

27
Q

responses must be recorded verbatim

A

Open-ended questions

28
Q

often need probing or follow-up questions to clarify certain items since it typically asks “how” and “why” questions

A

Open-ended questions

29
Q

questions that have two possible answers

A

Dichotomous Question

30
Q

used to clearly distinguish the respondent’s opinion, preference, experience, or behavior

A

Dichotomous questions

31
Q

What are dichotomous questions used for?

A

to clearly distinguish the respondent’s opinion, preference, experience, or behavior

32
Q

questions that necessitates respondents to provide more than one answer

A

Multiple-response questions

33
Q

a number of questions asked have the same set of possible answers

A

Matrix Questions

34
Q

Likert scale is an example of this type of question

A

Matrix Questions

35
Q

assess subject’s agreement/disagreement or approval/disapproval on a five-point scale

A

Likert Scale

36
Q

what is being measured in a Likert Scale

A

behaviors and attitudes quantitatively consisting of choices that range from one extreme to another where respondents choose a degree of their opinions

37
Q

a series of bipolar adjectives will be rated by the respondents and more advantageous since it is more flexible and easier to construct

A

Semantic Differential

38
Q

intended for certain respondents only, depending on the provided answer.

A

Contingency questions

39
Q

familiar example is a follow-up question after a respondent agrees to a certain item (ex. only those who answered “yes” are required to answer the succeeding items)

A

Contingency questions

40
Q

what are considered when formulating questions?

A

Research Question
Variable
Indicator
Sub-indicators
Survey Question
Type of Question

41
Q

when is a research instrument valid?

A

if it measures what is supposed to measure

42
Q

Types of Instrument Validity

A
  • Face Validity
  • Content Validity
  • Construct Validity
  • Concurrent Validity
  • Predictive Validity
43
Q

also called “logical validity” in which the instrument is judged valid “as it appears”

A

Face Validity

44
Q

It is assessed whether the instrument meets
the objectives of the study.

A

Content Validity

45
Q

It refers to the validity of the instrument as it
corresponds to the constructs of the study

A

Construct Validity

46
Q

When the instrument can predict results
similar to those similar tests already validated.

A

Concurrent Validity

47
Q

When the instrument is able to produce results similar to those similar tests in the future.

A

Predictive Validity

48
Q

Ways of developing instruments

A

Adopt an Instrument - no changes
Adapt an Instrument - changes
Researcher-made instrument

3 I's (3 decks)

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