prelims Flashcards

1
Q

is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal or nonverbal means, including speech, or oral
communication; writing and graphical
representations (such as infographics, maps, and charts); and signs, signals, and behaviour. More simply, communication is said to be “the creation and exchange of meaning.”

A

Communication

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2
Q

▪ A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior.

A

Communication

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3
Q

▪ The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. The successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings.

A

Communication

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4
Q

The – or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.

A

SENDER

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5
Q

The sender begins with the –
process wherein he uses certain words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a message.

A

–2. ENCODING

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6
Q

Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the – that he intends to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver.

A
  1. MESSAGE
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7
Q

The sender chooses the medium
through which he wants to convey his
message to the recipient. It must be
selected carefully in order to make
the message effective and correctly
interpreted by the recipient. The
choice of medium depends on the
interpersonal relationships between
the sender and the receiver and also
on the urgency of the message being
sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound,
gesture, etc. are some of the
commonly used communication
mediums.

A

4.CHANNEL

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8
Q

The – is the person for whom
the message is intended or targeted.
He tries to comprehend it in the best
possible manner such that the
communication objective is attained.
The degree to which the receiver
decodes the message depends on
his knowledge of the subject matter,
experience, trust and relationship with
the sender.

A
  1. RECEIVER
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9
Q

Here, the receiver interprets the
sender’s message and tries to
understand it in the best possible
manner. An effective communication
occurs only if the receiver understands
the message in exactly the same way
as it was intended by the sender.

A
  1. DECODING
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10
Q

The – is the final step of the
process that ensures the receiver has
received the message and interpreted it
correctly as it was intended by the
sender. It increases the effectiveness of
the communication as it permits the
sender to know the efficacy of his
message. The response of the receiver
can be verbal or non-verbal.

A
  1. FEEDBACK
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11
Q

is interference that is external to both speaker and listener; it hampers the physical transmission of the signal or message.

A

Physical noise

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12
Q

u loud party at the neighbours while you’re
trying to record
u loud kids who don’t want to take their nap
u irritating hum of your computer, air conditioner, or heater.

A

Examples of physical noise:

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13
Q

is created by barriers within the sender or receiver.

A

Physiological noise

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14
Q

u articulation problems
u mumbling
u talking too fast
u talking too slow
u forgetting to pause
u forgetting to breathe

A

Examples of physiological noise:

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15
Q

is mental interference in the speaker or listener.

A

Psychological noise

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16
Q

u wandering thoughts
u preconceived ideas
u sarcasm.

A

Examples of psychological noise are:

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17
Q

is interference created when the speaker and listener have different meaning systems.

A

Semantic noise

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18
Q

is the exchange of information that happens through words. The term – refers to WORDS.

A

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Verbal communication

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19
Q

Therefore, verbal communication can be divided into:

A

➢ oral communication
➢ written communication

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20
Q

is the exchange of information through wordless cues.

A

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Nonverbal communication

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21
Q

➢ gestures
➢ postures
➢ facial expressions
➢ eye contact
➢ physical proximity
➢ touching, etc.

A

Nonverbal communication uses:

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22
Q

is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.

A

Globalization

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23
Q
  • is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.
A

Globalization

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24
Q

•is the most universally recognized emergency code. –means there is a medical emergency occurring within the hospital. Healthcare providers can choose to activate a code blue, typically by pushing an emergency alert button or dialing a specific phone number, if they feel the life of the person they are treating is in immediate danger. Many hospitals have a code blue team who will respond to the code blue within minutes.

A

Code Blue
- Code blue

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25
Q

typically means there is a
fire or smoke within the hospital. A
code red may be activated if
someone smells or sees smoke or
flames.

A

• Code Red
- Code red

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26
Q

most often indicates a bomb threat. Code black may be activated if there has been a threat made to the facility from an internal or external source, or if staff or law enforcement officials have identified a possible bomb in or near the facility.

A

• Code Black
- Code black

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27
Q

technique provides a framework for communication between members of the health care team about a patient’s condition.

A

S.B.A.R. Tool
- The SBAR (Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation)

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28
Q

needing to be done now
Example: transfuse 2 units –

A

• Stat-

29
Q
  • fasting
    Example: – from midnight for
    surgery at 8 am tomorrow
    –means nil per os, Latin for
    nothing by mouth.
A

• NPO

30
Q

is an emotionally charged topic, so it is best to tread carefully with the language used and to refer to race, as Patricia Arinto (2009) asserts in English for Professions, “only if it is relevant to what you have to say.”

  • Example: Naturally, the Asian students won the math contest.
    Although the assessment is positive in the sentence, the word “naturally” reinforces the stereotype or generalization that Asians have superior aptitude in math.
A

• Race & Ethnicity
Race

31
Q

Sexism refers to the prejudice and
discrimination based on sex or
gender. To be inclusive of all people
in general references, one should
favor gender-neutral worlds and
phrases over gender-biased words.

  • Man-made= synthetic or artificial
  • Layman’s terms= ordinary terms
  • Chairman= chairperson
  • Stewardess= flight attendant
A

• Gender and Sexual Orientation

32
Q

Class discrimination or classism is a form of prejudice against a person or people because of their social class.

Example 1: “white trash”
It is not only a racial slur but a classist one that refers to white
people, usually from the rural Southern United States, coming
from a lower social class inside the white population.

Example 2: “preppie”, “yuppie”
In US, there may also be a kind of classism against those who
are economically privileged. The rich are sometimes referred to as examples 2, both of which connote not just wealth but arrogance.

A

• Social Class

33
Q

Ageism is a form of discrimination against other people because of
their age, or assuming that older people are less physically,
intellectually, or emotionally able than other age groups. The capabilities of younger people should also not be underestimated on the basis of their age.

It is important to refer to a person’s age only when that information is pertinent to what is being
discussed.

A

• Age

34
Q

Discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of
understanding and awareness.
Therefore, first, it is important to distinguish some terms that are mistakenly understood to be synonymous.

A

• Disabilities

35
Q
  • a physiological condition
A
  1. Impairment
36
Q
  • the consequence of an impairment which may be or may not be handicapping.
A
  1. Disability
37
Q
  • the social implication of a disability; a condition or barrier imposed by society, the environment or oneself.
A
  1. Handicap
38
Q

is defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. Think about the words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably behave very differently chatting with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or during a job interview. These variations in formality, also called stylistic variation, are known as registers in linguistics.

A

REGISTER

39
Q

They are determined by such factors as

A

SOCIAL OCCASION, CONTEXT, PURPOSE, and AUDIENCE.

40
Q

This form is sometimes called the static register because it refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or prayer.
Examples: The Bible and The Philippine Constitution.

A
  1. Frozen Register
41
Q

is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be
respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never used, and contractions are rare.
Examples: a business presentation,
pronouncements made by judges, SONA of the President.

A
  1. Formal Register
    The formal register
42
Q

People use this register often in conversation when they’re speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles) but may be more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly (a family doctor.) Slang is sometimes used, people may pause or interrupt one another.

A
  1. Consultative Register
43
Q

This is the register people use when they’re with friends, close acquaintances and co-
workers, and family. It’s probably the one you think of when you consider how you talk with other people, often in a group setting. Use of slang, contractions, and vernacular grammar is all common, and people may also use expletives or off-color language in some settings.
Examples: birthday party, backyard
barbeque, letter to friends, Messenger GC among friends.

  1. Intimate Register
    Linguists say this register is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in private.
    Examples: inside joke between two college friends or siblings, a word whispered in a lover’s ear.
A
  1. Casual Register
44
Q

Linguists say this register is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in private.
Examples: inside joke between two college friends or siblings, a word whispered in a lover’s ear.

A
  1. Intimate Register
45
Q
  • The sender’s concern when his
    purpose is – is to present an
    interesting and clear way worthwhile
    for the listeners’ understanding.
  • The sender’s primary purpose is to give intellectual understanding, not to change minds, arouse listeners to
    action or entertain.
    Examples: A lecture on the proper care of human heart; a report at a meeting or a convention.
A
  1. TO INFORM
46
Q
  • The main intention of the sender when his purpose is to entertain is not to present information. Nor does the speaker hope to persuade the listeners in order to stir them to a particular action.
  • If they do give information along the way, the informative aspect is only secondary.
  • The message is intended primarily to entertain.
    Examples: Speeches delivered after dinner at special meetings of clubs and organization; at social gatherings are mainly presented for entertainment.
A
  1. TO ENTERTAIN
47
Q

is to win the receiver’s
intellectual agreement and preferably
action on its part.
- The sender may deal on controversial issues and he may convince, stimulate or impress, or arouse the receiver to action, depending on whether it is
favorable or unfavorable, hostile or
neutral.

A
  1. TO PERSUADE
    - To persuade
48
Q
  • Speeches to persuade may be either
    of the three types:
A
  1. To convince;
  2. To stimulate;
  3. To actuate.
49
Q
  • Since convincing entail changing the mind-set of the receiver in relation to some point, one already in agreement with the sender cannot be convinced.
  • On the controversial issues, the people to be convinced are those who are hostile or basically neutral towards a plan.
A

TO CONVINCE

50
Q
  • Those who need to be – or impressed are the ones whose attitudes lean on the favorable side, whether definitely favorable, moderately favorable or extremely favorable. Receivers whose attitudes are favorable need not be convinced for they are already convinced. They need to stimulated or impressed for a reinforcement of their agreement.
A

TO STIMULATE

51
Q
  • The speaker aims to produce action which are direct and observable.
  • Not only must the receiver have intellectual agreement; it must be sold on the proposition offered by the sender to:
    DO, VOTE, BUY, SIGN, RENT, ENLIST, ENROLL, DEPART, SUBSCRIBE, PATRONIZE, and so forth.
A

TO ACTUATE

52
Q

allow people to create personal pages, post profile images and updates on their lives, and create a friend list of people who can see your updates.

A
  1. Social Media Platforms
    - Social media platforms
53
Q

are personal websites where people can publish or ‘log’ information for others with an internet connection to read – all around the globe.

A

Blogs

54
Q

is usually a personal website where someone shares regular long-form posts about their lives or hobbies. More professional or commercialized blogs are run by media organizations, companies seeking publicity, or professional bloggers who monetize through advertising or affiliate marketing.

A
  • A blog
55
Q

revolutionized mass communication.

A
  • Blogs
56
Q

are “video logs”. They emerged as an extension of blogging after increased bandwidths enabled regular people to post video online.

A

Vlogs

57
Q

is an extension of vlogging that has responded to online content consumers’ needs for immediacy and authenticity.

A

Live video

58
Q
  • Sophisticated conferencing technology helps workplaces communicate across long distances. Today, live conferencing technology tends to use live video alongside complex speaker systems.
A

Conferencing and Live Lecture
Technology

59
Q

– is a website where anyone can edit and add content. The most famous wiki is, of course, Wikipedia.
- – allow collaborative crowdsourcing of
information. This can help members of the wikis to amass a lot of information in a short period of time.
- The collective knowledge that is stored on –can be accessed at ease by all users, allowing the creation of a ‘hive mind’. Hive minds are knowledge or information stored and accessed by a community of people.

A
  1. Group Wikis
60
Q

allows people to post
questions and answers for others to respond to. Many forums are sorted by topics, such as Reddit, which allows people with shared interests to communicate with one another.
-

A

A group forum

61
Q

are also commonly used in education where online schools have
students respond to a stimulus question each week.

A

Group forums

62
Q

are now widely used as a portable device that fits in the market between a smartphone that’s carried in the pocket and a laptop that usually requires its own bag.
-easily fit into carry bags, are sufficiently lightweight for carefree travel, and are powerful enough to make video phone calls, take photos, and carry out
light personal computing tasks.

A
  • Tablets
63
Q

are packets of audio information that can be uploaded and stored on cloud technology ready for anyone to download and listen to at-will.

A

Podcasts

64
Q

help make
communication easier than ever. A
wearable technology is any
information technology that is carried
on the body. Examples include:
- Smart Watches
- Smart Glasses
- Exercise bracelets

A
  1. Wearable Technology
    Wearable technologies
65
Q

allow people to use voice commands to control them. With internet connections, wearable technology can provide quick answers to questions that we ask them, make hands-free phone calls, and help you keep spoken-word memos and notes throughout the day.

A

Smart Watches

66
Q

and other wearable health trackers tap into people’s bodies to measure vital signs and sleep rhythms. These bracelets can automatically send data to exercise trainers and medical professionals to provide quick and accurate updates on the health profile of the wearer.

A

Exercise bracelets

67
Q

can integrate augmented reality into a person’s everyday life. When a user is wearing smart glasses, they can have the glasses project data like their travel speed or internet search data directly onto their retina. They usually also allow people to make phone calls through voice commands. Most smart glasses technologies also allow users to communicate with them through eye movements, blinks or hand movements.

A

Smart Glasses

68
Q

are computerized personal assistants placed around offices and homes in order to help people complete tasks hands-free.

A

Smart speakers