PRELIMNARY TEST Flashcards
A logical starting point, as any complaints of BOV elicited can be confirmed
Visual Acuity
Is the amount of luminous flux incident on a surface area per unit area of the surface and can be specified in ft candles
Illuminance
Is a measure of the luminous flux emitted or reflected per unit area of a source as measured per unit area of a light-sensitive surface
Luminance
To measure VA at 40cm, the examiner uses a
Reduced snellen chart
A chart that can be used to test VA for preschool children who have not yet learned the alphabet
Birthday cake project-o-chart slide
A VA chart for children between ages 3 and 6 years old who cannot recognize letters
Tumbling E chart
A VA chart where the examiner state “somebody has taken a bite out of this doughnut” and asks the child to point to the part of the doughnut that is missing
Landolt C chart
Consists of set of 7 cards, each containing a single picture that can be used for children 2 years and older
Allen preschool vision chart
STYCAR means
Screening test for young children and retardates
Consists of letter charts designed for use at 10 and 20 foot distances together with sets of miniature eating utensils and a number of toys
STYCAR
A large card used in STYCAR is called
Key card
A VA testing that provides a large key card for use of the child but uses a spiral-bound booklet
Sheridan gardener VA test
The sheriden-gardener test also includes a ______ chart for near testing
Reduced snellen
Both have a “lap card” that the child holds and a VA chart at 10 or 20 ft.
THE HOTV letter chart and Lea Symbols
By the means of this test, the practitioner can determine the presence and absence of a tropia
Unilateral cover test
The unilateral cover test is also known as
Cover-uncover test
By means of this test, the practitioner can determine whether a phoria or tropia is present but cannot differentiate between the two
Alternating cover test
In this test, the occluder is placed in front of the right eye, held there for about 1 sec, and then removed. The practitioner observes the patient’s left eye for any movement.
Unilateral cover test
A tropia may be present at some times and not at others
Intermittent tropia
A tropia that is found at one testing distance but not at another
Periodic tropia
If a patient has ____, each eye will be seen to turn upward or downward just as the cover is removed
Vertical phoria
A convenient test for determining the presence of strabismus at near
Corneal reflex test
A test useful for a child whose results with the unilateral cover test were questionable
Corneal reflex test
If no tropia exist in corneal reflex test, the corneal reflex will be located
Approximately 0.5 mm nasal to the center of pupil
An small angle in the line of sight measured from the entrance of the pupil
Angle lambda
Methods used to evaluate corneal reflex
Hirschberg test
Krimsky’s method
Angle lambda
In esotropic patients, the corneal reflex for the deviating eye is displaced
Temporally
In exotropic patients, the eye is displaced
Nasally
Each mm of displacement of the corneal reflex indicates how many prism of strabismus?
22 prism
In this method, a prism is placed in front of the deviating eye while using the alternating cover test
Krimsky’s method
Expected value for NPC
8cm or less
In this test, the examiner ask the patient to report when a row of letters begins to blur and remains blurred
NPA
A test designed to test the action of the horizontal rectus muscles, vertical recti, oblique muscles, etc
Broad H test
A muscle that turns the eye upward when it is already turned to the right
Right-hand elevator
A muscle that turns the eye downward when it is already turned to the right is called
Right-hand depressor
A test where the examiner ask the patient to wear a pair of red/green glasses because one eye appears to lag behind the field
Diplopia field test
An ultraviolet lamp is called
Burton lamp
In this test, the patient is first asked to fixate distant object and then on a near point card
Near reflex test
PERLA
Pupils equal, responding to light accommodation
PERRLA
pupils, equal, round, reactive to light accommodation
Explain marcus gunn pupil
The pupil of the affected eye dilates slightly when illuminated
Marcus gunn pupil is sometimes referred to as
Pupillary escape
Difference in pupil size
Essential anisocoria
Unilaterally dilated pupil with little or no reaction to light but sluggish to near
Adie’s tonic pupil
A pupillary condition where the pupil has no direct pupillary reflex but will contract consensually when the fellow eye is stimulated
Amaurotic pupil
Causes of marcus gunn pupil
Multiple sclerosis accompanied by optic neuritis or retrobulbar neuritis
A pupillary condition that consists of miosis, ptosis, apparent enophthalmos, and possible decrease in facial sweating
Horners syndrome
Cause of horners syndrome?
Paralysis of the ocular sympathetic fibers
When Horner’s syndrome arises between the ages 20 and 50 years, the patient might have
Malignant tumor
Most common malignant tumor responsible for Horners syndrome
Tumor of the apex of the lungs
In older patients, horners syndrome may occur as a result of
Insufficiency in basilar arteries
A fixed, dilated pupil, usually unilateral due to CNS lesion
Hutchinson’s pupil
Is present when the pupils fail to react to light but constrict on convergence
Light-near dissociation
Most common cause of Argyll Robertson Pupil
Neurosyphilis
A pupillary condition that may occur several months after a traumatic third-nerve palsy
Aberrant regeneration of CNIII
The ability to perceive depth, or relative distance on basis of retinal disparity clues
Stereopsis
Commonly used test for stereopsis
Titmus stereotest
A particularly good test for stereopsis for preschool children
Stereofly
A polarized test providing stimuli for both gross and fine stereopsis
Bernell stereo reindeer test
A test where the examiner can make the reindeers nose wiggle
Bernell stereo reindeer test
Consists of a demonstration plate that contains a raised letter E and two test plates.
Random dot E test
A _____ is an individual who requires only two primaries to match any given color stimulus
Dichromat
Protanopes lack a red absorbing pigment known as
Erythrolabe
Deuteranopes lack a green-absorbing pigment called
Chlorolabe
Most common color deficiency in males
Red-green color defect
Yellow-blue color vision anomaly
Tritanomaly or tritanopia
A type of monochromatism which the retina contains no foveal cones
Typical monochromatism
A type of monochromatism in which foveal cones are present
Atypical monochromatism
This test is in the form of a book containing a number of color plates that contains a numbers and figures
Pseudoisochromatic/Ishihara Test
D-15 test is also known as
Dichotomous test
Consists of a series of seven gridlike charts designed for evaluating central visual field
Amsler charts
Standard chart consisting of white grid on black background with a central fixation point
Chart 1
Similar to chart 1, with the addition of two diagonal lines extending from the fixation point. Used for pxs with central scotoma
Chart 2
A red grid on black bg for use when investigating scotoma in color
Chart 3
Has white dots but no lines on a black bg and is designed to detect scotomas only
Chart 4
Has white parallel lines on black bg and is oriented both horizontally and vertically to detect metamorphopsia
Chart 5
Has black parallel lines on a white bg
Chart 6
Similar to chart 1 but contains smaller squares in central 8 degrees
Chart 7
A screening device for the central field that utilizes a total of 15stimulus patterns
Friedmann visual field analyser
Who designed the amsler chart?
Marc Amsler
Indication for Amsler Chart
Is done whenever macular disease is suspected
An instrument for VF screening where it has a uniformly illuminated white hemispherical field with 99 holes
Synemed Fieldmaster
In this VF screening test, each time a stimuli is presented, the px is asked to report how many spots he or she sees
Friedmann Visual Analyser
In this VF screening test, the px presses a button each time a stimulus is seen
Synemed Fieldmaster
The heart begins to enlarge both because of the inability to expel the blood coming into it
Congestive heart failure
Conventional antihypertensive therapy
Diuretics, direct-acting vasodilators, sympathetic blockers
Movement of perceived target in the same direction indicates
Exophoria
Movement of perceived target in the opposite direction indicates
Esophoria
When movement is perceived rather than real, psychologist refer to it as
Phi movement
Maximum value of NPC
8cm
Provides a convenient method of testing stereopsis at 6m
American Optical Vectographic Project-o-chart slide
Illumination used for color vision testing
Macbeth illumination C-a lamp
