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Organic Chemistry > Preliminary Knowledge > Flashcards

Preliminary Knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

What is

Bond fission?

A

The breakage of a bond

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2
Q

What is

homolytic (bond) fission?

A

This is the equal splitting of the covalent bond between 2 atoms

Each atom leaves the bond with one of the bond pair electrons

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3
Q

What is

heterolytic (bond) fission?

A

This is the unequal splitting of the covalent bond between 2 atoms

One atom leaves the bond with both of the bond pair electrons

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4
Q

What are the species formed from

homolytic (bond) fission?

A

Free Radicals

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5
Q

What are the species formed from

heterolytic (bond) fission?

A

Ions

Which can either be electrophiles or nucleophiles

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6
Q

What is

an electrophile?

A

An electron-deficient specie that is easily attracted to electron-dense regions.

The definition can also be expanded thus: an electrophile is a reactant that accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

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7
Q

What is

a nucleophile?

A

An electron-rich specie, that has two electrons after heterolytic bond fission.

The definition can also be expanded thus: a nucleophile is a reactant that donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

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8
Q

What makes

free radicals very reactive?

A

The presence of at least one unpaired e-

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9
Q

What is

hybridsation

A

The fusion of 2 or more non-degenerate orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals with the same shape and energy, capable of bonding

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10
Q

What is the main bond formed between 2 atoms?

A

A sigma (σ) bond

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11
Q

How many

sigma (σ) bonds can there be between 2 atoms

A

One

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12
Q

What bonds are formed after sigma bonds?

If there are multiple bonds between the atoms

A

Pi (π) bonds

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13
Q

How many sigma and pi bonds are in

a C=C bond?

A

1 σ bond and 1π bond

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14
Q

How are π bonds formed?

A

By the side-to-side overlap of 2 p orbitals

p orbitals are the most common to form π bonds, however, d orbitals can also form π bonds

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15
Q

How are σ bonds formed?

A

By the head-to-head overlap or direct of 2 orbitals

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16
Q

Why is a π bond weaker than a σ bond?

A

The bonding electrons are further away from the nucleus of the bonding atoms in a π bond

Hence there is a reduced electrostatic attraction between them

17
Q

Do single sigma bonds allow free rotation?

A

Yes

18
Q

How many regions of e- density are there in a π bond?

A

2. Due to the side-to-side overlap, and the dumb-bell shape of the p orbital, e- density are found at the top and bottom

Organic Chemistry (7 decks)

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