Preliminary Exam Flashcards
1
Q
is the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes.
a. Pathophysiology
b. Physiology
c. Histology
A
b.
2
Q
are properties that cannot be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of a system’s individual component.
a. Emergent Properties
b. Non-emergent Properties
A
a.
3
Q
What is the system name for: heart, blood vessels, blood
a. Digestive
b. Reproductive
c. Circulatory
d. Respiratory
A
c.
4
Q
What is the system name for: stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
a. Digestive
b. Musculoskeletal
c. Integumentary
d. Reproductive
A
a.
5
Q
What is the system name for: thyroid gland, adrenal gland
a. Nervous
b. Circulatory
c. Immune
d. Endocrine
A
d.
6
Q
What is the system name for: thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
a. Immune
b. Circulatory
c. Musculoskeletal
d. Reproductive
A
a.
7
Q
What is the system name for: skin
a. Musculoskeletal
b. Integumentary
c. Nervous
d. Respiratory
A
b.
8
Q
What is the system name for: skeletal, muscles, bone
a. Musculoskeletal
b. Urinary
c. Reproductive
d. Respiratory
A
a.
9
Q
What is the system name for: brain, spinal cord
a. Musculoskeletal
b. Reproductive
c. Respiratory
d. Nervous
A
d.
10
Q
What is the system name for: ovaries, uterus
a. Reproductive
b. Respiratory
c. Nervous
d. Circulatory
A
a.
11
Q
What is the system name for: lungs, airways
a. Nervous
b. Respiratory
c. Circulatory
d. Immune
A
b.
12
Q
What is the system name for: kidney, bladder
a. Nervous
b. Circulatory
c. Integumentary
d. Urinary
A
d.
13
Q
What kind of approach focuses on the purpose or goal of a biological feature or process.
A
Teleological Approach
14
Q
What kind of approach focuses on understanding the processes and components that lead to a particular outcome.
A
Mechanistic Approach
15
Q
It applies findings from physiological studies to develop new medical treatments and health interventions
a. Non-translational Research
b. Translational Research
A
b.
16
Q
Macroscopic Level:
A
can be seen with the naked eye
17
Q
Microscopic Level
A
cannot be seen with the naked eye
18
Q
the ability of the body to restore changed conditions to normal quickly / organisms survive in challenging habitats cope with external validity by keeping their internal environment relatively stable
A
Homeostasis
19
Q
Preferred blood glucose levels
A
70 to 100mg
20
Q
Preferred body temperature
A
37c
21
Q
Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
a. Negative Feedback Systems
b. Positive Feedback Systems
A
a.
22
Q
Strengthens or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.
a. Negative Feedback Systems
b. Positive Feedback Systems
A
b.
23
Q
is the cytosol within the cell.
A
ICF
24
Q
surrounds the cell
A
ECF
25
is the body fluid between the circulatory system and the cells
a. Intracellular Fluid
b. Extracellular Fluid
c. Interstitial Fluid
c.
26
What is the Total Body Water (TBW) of the ECF?
20%
27
What is the Total Body Water (TBW) of the ICF?
40%
28
What is the dividing wall between the ECF & ICF?
Cell Membrane
29
The cell's interior structural scaffolding, in place to maintain cell shape.
a. Cytoplasm
b. Cytoskeleton
c. Cytosol
b.
30
It includes all material inside the cell membrane except for the nucleus.
a. Cytoplasm
b. Cytoskeleton
c. Cytosol
a.
31
A semi-gelatinous fluid separated from the extracellular fluid by the cell membrane.
a. Cytoplasm
b. Cytoskeleton
c. Cytosol
c.
32
Particles of insoluble materials; sometimes called non-membranous organelles
a. organelles
b. inclusions
c. mitochondria
d. lysosomes
b.
33
Small, dense granules of RNA and protein that manufacture proteins under the direction of the cell's DNA.
a. ribosomes
b. mitochondria
c. peroxisomes
d. cytosol
a.
34
Insoluble polymers of smaller proteins that act as structural support and movement.
a. golgi apparatus
b. protein fibers
c. organelles
d. nuclear pore complexes
b.
35
Subcellular compartments separated from the cytosol by one or more phospholipid membranes similar in structure to the cell membrane.
a. organelles
b. ribosomes
c. lysosomes
d. peroxisomes
a.
36
Has an unusual double wall that creates two separate compartments: inner membrane and intermembrane space.
a. nuclear pore complexes
b. peroxisomes
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. mitochondria
d.
37
A network of interconnected membrane tubes with three major functions: synthesis, storage, and transport of biomolecules
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. golgi apparatus
c. organelles
d. cytoplasm
a.
38
It consists of a series of hollow curved sacs, called cisternae, stacked on top of one another like a
series of hot water bottles and surrounded by vesicles.
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. nuclear pore complexes
c. golgi apparatus
d. inclusions
c.
39
These are small storage vesicles that appear as membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm that act as the digestive system of the cell
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomes
c. peroxisomes
d. organelles
a.
40
These are storage vesicles that are even smaller than lysosomes that degrade long-chain fatty acids and potentially toxic foreign molecules.
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomes
c. peroxisomes
d. organelles
c.
41
Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through this large protein complexes with a central channel.
a. golgi apparatus
b. lysosomes
c. inclusions
d. nuclear pore complexes
d.
42
The study of tissue structure and function.
a. Pathophysiology
b. Physiology
c. Histology
c.
43
It provide a hydrating, lubricating, and protecting gel structure in and around the cell.
a. Hyaluronic acid
b. Extracellular matrix
c. Glycoproteins
d. Proteoglycans
d.
44
It provides strength and anchor cells to the matrix.
a. Insoluble protein fibers
b. Collagen fibers
c. Elastin fibers
d. Fibronectin
a.
45
are membrane spanning proteins responsible both for cell junctions and for transient cell adhesions.
a. Integrins
b. Cell Adhesion Molecules
c. Selectins
d. Immunoglobulin superfamily
b.
46
Primarily found in cell matrix junctions. Function in cell signaling.
a. cadherins
b. integrins
c. immunoglobulin superfamily
d. selectins
b.
47
Cell-cell junctions such as adherens junctions and desmosomes. Calcium dependent.
a. cadherins
b. integrins
c. immunoglobulin superfamily
d. selectins
a.
48
Temporary cell-cell adhesions.
a. cadherins
b. integrins
c. immunoglobulin superfamily
d. selectins
d.
49
NCAMs (nerve-cell adhesion molecules). Responsible for nerve cell growth during nervous system development.
a. cadherins
b. integrins
c. immunoglobulin superfamily
d. selectins
c.
50
Simplest cell-to-cell junction that allows direct & rapid cell-to-cell communication through cytoplasmic bridges between adjoining cells.
a. Gap Junction (animals)
b. Tight Junction
c. Adherens Junction
a.
51
These are cylindrical proteins that interlock to create passageways.
a. Aquaporins
b. Porins
c. Connexins
c.
52
These are proteins that partly fuse the cell membrane, making it a barrier.
a. Claudins & Occludins
b. Cholesterol
c. Glycoproteins
a.
53
These are made up of cadherin proteins and attached to the intermediate filaments. It is also the strongest cell-cell junction.
a. hemidesmosome
b. desmosome
b.
54
These are composed of integrins that bind to basal lamina. These also anchor intermediate fibers of the cytoskeleton to fibrous matrix proteins such as laminin.
a. hemidesmosome
b. desmosome
a.
55
A type of cell junction that allow direct cell to cell communication.
a. Communicating junctions
b. Occluding junctions
c. Anchoring junctions
a.
56
A type of cell junction that holds cells to one another and to the extracellular matrix.
a. Communicating junctions
b. Occluding junctions
c. Anchoring junctions
c.
57
A type of cell junction that blocks movement of material between cells.
a. Communicating junctions
b. Occluding junctions
c. Anchoring junctions
b.
58
An autoimmune disorder characterized by blistering of the skin and mucous membranes
a. Bullous Pemphigoid
b. Dermatitis Herpetiformis
c. Pemphigus
c.
59
These protects the internal environment of the body and regulate the exchange of materials between the internal and external environments.
a. Epithelial tissues
b. Cell membranes
c. Mucous membranes
a.
60
Most epithelia attach to an underlying matrix layer called the ________?
a. Extracellular matrix
b. Basal Lamina
c. Connective tissue layer
d. Intercellular matrix
b.
61
These lines the blood vessels and the lungs, the two major sites of gas exchange in the body,
a. Epithelial Tissues
b. Exchange Epithelium
c. Transporting Epithelium
d. Ciliated Epithelium
d. Protective Epithelium
e. Secretory Epithelium
b.
62
These prevent exchange between the internal and external environments and protect areas subject to mechanical or chemical stress.
a. Epithelial Tissues
b. Exchange Epithelium
c. Transporting Epithelium
d. Ciliated Epithelium
d. Protective Epithelium
e. Secretory Epithelium
d.
63
These are non-transporting tissues that line the respiratory system and parts of the reproductive tract.
a. Epithelial Tissues
b. Exchange Epithelium
c. Transporting Epithelium
d. Ciliated Epithelium
e. Protective Epithelium
f. Secretory Epithelium
d.
64
These are composed of cells that produce a substance and then secrete it into the extracellular space.
a. Epithelial Tissues
b. Exchange Epithelium
c. Transporting Epithelium
d. Ciliated Epithelium
d. Protective Epithelium
e. Secretory Epithelium
e.
65
A type of secretory gland that release their secretions to the body's external environment.
a. exocrine glands
b. endocrine glands
a.
66
A type of secretion that has sticky solutions containing glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
a. serous
b. mucous
b.
67
A type of secretion that has watery solutions, and many contain enzymes.
a. serous
b. mucous
a.
68
These are specialized epithelial cells found in the lining of various organs, including the respiratory and digestive tracts.
a. Ciliated cells
b. Columnar cells
c. Goblet cells
c.
69
A type of secretory gland that is ductless and release their secretions called hormones, into the body's extracellular compartments.
a. exocrine glands
b endocrine glands
b.
70
A type of tissue in the body that provides structural support and sometimes a physical barrier, along with specialized cells, helps defend the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria.
a. Muscle Tissue
b. Nervous Tissue
c. Epithelial Tissue
d. Connective Tissue
d.
71
A loose connective tissue that contains ALL the cell types and fibers previously described and is distributed in a random , web-like fashion.
a. Adipose Tissue
b. Reticular Tissue
c. Areolar Tissue
c.
72
A loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix. It stores fat for energy and provides insulation.
a. Adipose Tissue
b. Reticular Tissue
c. Areolar Tissue
a.
73
A loose connective tissue that is made up of a network of reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs.
a. Adipose Tissue
b. Reticular Tissue
c. Areolar Tissue
b.
74
A type of dense connective that consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network.
a. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
b. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
b.
75
A type of dense connective that consists of collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles.
a. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
b. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
a.
76
A type of cartilage that provides some compressibility and can absorb pressure.
a. Hyaline
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic
b.
77
A type of cartilage that provides support with some flexibility.
a. Hyaline
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic
a.
78
A type of cartilage that provides firm but elastic support.
a. Hyaline
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic
c.
79
It is the hardest connective tissue. It provides protection to internal organs and supports the body.
a. Cartilage
b. Bone
c. Fibrous Tissue
d. Dense Connective Tissue
b.
80
A type of fluid connective tissue that contains erythrocytes and various types of leukocytes that circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix.
a. Blood
b. Lymph
a.
81
A type of fluid connective tissue that contains a liquid matrix and white blood cells. It drains into blood vessels, delivering molecules to the blood that could not otherwise directly enter the bloodstream.
a. Blood
b. Lymph
b.
82
A type of tissue that is characterized as being excitable and capable of sending and receiving electrochemical signals that provide the body with information.
a. Neural Tissues
b. Connective Tissues
c. Adipose Tissue
a.
83
A type of neural tissue that propagate information via electrochemical impulses, called action potentials, which are biochemically linked to the release of chemical signals.
a. Neuron
b. Neuroglia
a.
84
A type of neural tissue that plays an essential role in supporting neurons and modulating their information propagation.
a. Neuron
b. Neuroglia
b.
