Preliminary 2 Flashcards
The whole physical makeup
Terrestrial living
Simply suffocation in the water
Drowning
When water closes over the mouth and nose and people are in such a position or condition that they cannot surface to breath
Drowning
Will equip a person with major defense against drowning and will enhance enjoyment of the aquatic environment
Learning how to swim
When and where to swim
Prepared for the hazards of the aquatic environment
Dictates the swimming season to all but the exceptional swimmers
Temperature and weather condition
When water ranges in this temperature, it is apparently most inviting to man
70-78 degrees
Quick plunge taken immediately upon rising can provide real pleasure and exhilaration to the individual who can stand the shock of cool air and cool water and who reacts well to the experience
Morning dip
Do not naturally belong in the water
Human beings
Also a thrilling experience and no one who has ever enjoyed a cooling dip just before retiring on a still hot night can easily forget its pleasant qualities. The length of a tome a person may stay in the water without ill effect is governed by the sense of physical comfort
Starlight dip or night swim
A large percent of drowning usually occurs early in the _ when individuals _ decide to take the first swim of the year
Swimming season
Young boys
Threading
Scissor
Frog
Bicycle
Types of swimming areas exist
First principles of water safety
Old swimming hole to the modern natatorium
Choose a safe place to swim
A reasonable safe place is one at which hazards are minimal/ Where to swim:
The water should be clear and free from pollution
The bottom should be sloped gently toward deep water
The bottom should be composed of firm sand
There should be no slit
Area should be free from dangerous marine life
Beach area free from glass and debris
Deck, piers, rafts should be of sturdy construction
Swimming areas with strong currents should be avoided
They must confine their activities to areas in which they may be quickly reached if anything goes wrong
Weak or novice swimmers
Three conditions of personal danger:
Panic
Exhaustion
Cramping
Hazards in Aquatic Environment:
Panic Exhaustion Cramps Waves Currents Dangerous marine life Weeds Jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war Cone shells and sea urchins Fire coral Stingrays Aquatic predators
Shark, barracudas, moray ells, and other predators all can produce severe bite wounds
Aquatic predators
Normally docile but can inflict a puncture wound and inject toxic venom from the barbed spines at the base of tail
Stingrays
Smooth, mustard-yellow coral injects venom through stinging cells and produces multiple sharp cuts, which are contaminated by particle of broken off calcareous materials
Fire coral
Type of mollusk related to the snail and has complicated apparatus for injecting venom through a puncture wound
Cone shells and Sea Urchins
Occasionally, this a plague for some beach areas in large numbers. The tentacles of some varieties may cause reactions such as shock, cramps, nausea, and respiratory difficulty
Jellyfish and Portuguese man-of war
They are not serious menace to the swimmers. There is danger, however to the experience person who unknowingly doves of swim into patches of weeds and become entangled
Weeds
Simple loss of energy and resultant inability to the necessary movements to keep afloat and make progress through the water.
Exhaustion
These conditions may be brought about by entering the water when overtired from prior physical activities, overexertion in swimming, reaction to cold or overestimating of one’s ability
Exhaustion
They occur in the muscles and are usually caused by fatigue, cold or overtion
Cramps
They cause the affected muscles to suddenly contract into a tight hard knot, which incapacitates or greatly inhibit the movements of that muscles
Cramps
From small lake ripples to a huge ocean swells, waves are caused by winds
Waves
They may add the enjoyment of the swimming or maybe disconcerting to those who do not understand their action
Waves
The following movements of a large movements of a large volume of water seeking its own level. They are the most deceptive.
Currents
They rarely follow the contour of the river bed, even in comparatively straight stretches and are continually changing
Currents
Ocean currents are basically two types
Caused by tides
Caused by runback of large waves from the shoreline
Natural aquatic environment teems with life, from plankton (small and microscopic and animals) to baleen whale, largest of all animals
Dangerous Marine Life
Conditions affecting rescue
Conditioning of victim
Condition of the rescuer
Condition of environment
How much time has passer before the drowning person becomes unconscious may be gauged by noticing
Whether the victim is frightened and panicky, not immediate danger of becoming unconscious
When the victim flutters and the arms briefly and loses buoyancy within few exchanges and sinks toward the bottom
It can cause difficulty
Size of the victim
Restrain upon emotions must be exercised by anyone who attempts to prevent loss of life due to drowning. Training and knowledge means experience. They bring clear realization to anybody about what can and cannot be done to rescue a drowning person
Condition of the rescuer
Should include the practice in the rescue of a variety of victims: large and heavy actively struggling and passive
Condition pf the rescuer
The chances of making a successful rescue are rescue by strong winds, large waves, violent currents, poor vision above and below water, plants growth, dangerous creatures in water and low temperatures
Condition of environment
Fairly simple adaptation of the side stroke.
Lifesaving stroke
Towing or assisting a victim
Rescuer should use top arm for contact and support; hence the stroke will consist of a lower arm timed with the scissor kick
Lifesaving strokes
Lifesaving stroke with Regular scissor kick
Lifesaving stroke with inverted scissors kick
The top arm is held in an extended position over the side of the upper thigh, with the hand suspended just at the surface. The action of the lower arm, the called swallow arm pull is basically the same as perform in the side stroke
Lifesaving stroke with regular scissors kick
The movements and timing used in this stroke are identical to those explained for the regular scissors except that the body is turned over to the opposite side
Lifesaving stroke with inverted scissors kick
Carries (tows)
Cross chest carry Cross chest control position Hair carry Wrist Tow Shirt or collar tow
Relatively easy to lear since the extended arm hold a victim at a distance, there’s a little interference with rescuers stroking
Hair carry
This technique may be used to tow a passive victim for a long distance and is a natural tow to use following the front surface approach
Wrist tow
It is similar to the hand carry except that the grip is made ob the shirt or coat between the shoulder blades. The grasp is made palm down, allowing some slack from the rescuers hand up to the neck in order to interfere with the victim’s breathing
Shirt or collar tow
The most satisfactory carry for the rescuer and victim alike since it provided good support. And reasonable control gives the victim a sense of security
Cross chest carry
For short distances and for temporary maximum control, the rescuer can grasp the wrist of the arm across the victim’s chest and exert enough pull so that both hand and wrist under the victim’s armpit
Cross chest carry
