PRELIMINARY Flashcards
STS
interactions between science, technology, social,
cultural, political, and economic contexts
STS Education
Student (natural environment, artificially constructed environment, and social environment)
science <–> technology <–> society
STS Educational Viewpoints
prominence in school science curriculum
ensures development of broad based science curriculum, embedded in cultural, socio-political contexts in which it was formulated
students’ engagement with different perspectives on societal issues concerning the impact of science and technology in everyday life
Paradigm of STS Teaching and Learning
societal response
- positive and negative effects of technology
- science skills (inquiry based)
- science concepts
Global Citizenship and Global Citizenship Education
“a sense of belonging to a broader
community, beyond national boundaries, that
emphasizes our common humanity and draws
on the interconnectedness between the local
and the global, the national and the international.”
GCED’S 4 Pillars
learning to know
learning to do
learning to be
learning to live together
Key Conceptual Dimensions of GCED and ESD
cognitive skills
- acquire knowledge, understanding, and critical thinking
socio-emotional skills
- sharing values and responsibilities and holding rights
- empathy, solidarity, and respect
behavioral skills
- act effectively and responsibility
Laudato Si
encyclical letter of the Holy Father Francis
“On care for our Common Home”
Focus: care for the natural environment and all
people, also broader questions of the relationship
between God, humans, and the Earth
reminder of how people of faith should not only
respect the Earth but also praise and honor God
through their engagement with creation
Chapter 1: What is Happening to Our Common Home
current problems related to the environment
Chapter 2: The Gospel of Creation
the Bible as a source of insight
Chapter 3: The Human Roots of the Ecological Crisis
social trends and ideologies that have caused environmental problems
Chapter 4: Integral Ecology
main solution to ongoing social and environmental problems
Chapter 5: Lines of Approach and Action
applied concept of integral ecology to political life
Chapter 6: Ecological Education and Spirituality
applications to personal life
Tragedy of the Commons
Individuals with access to a public resource
(common) act in their own interest and, in doing
so, ultimately deplete the resource.
Each consumer consumes as much as they can
as fast as they can before others deplete the
good, and no one has the incentive to reinvest in
maintaining or reproducing the good.
shared resources are overused, and eventually
depleted, posing risks to everyone involved
17 SDGs by UN
● shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for
people and the planet
● urgent call for action by all countries (developed
and developing) in a global partnership
shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for
people and the planet
● urgent call for action by all countries (developed
and developing) in a global partnership
17 SGDs
- No poverty
- Zero Hunger
- Good Health and Well-being
- Quality Education
- Gender Equality
- Clean Water and Sanitation
- Affordable and Clean Energy
- Decent Work and Economic Growth
- Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
- Reduced Inequalities
- Sustainable Cities and Communities
- Responsible Consumption and Production
- Climate Action
- Life Below Water
- Life on Land
- Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
- Partnership for the Goals
Social Darwinism
related to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution
through natural selection
certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Social Darwinism has been used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality at various times over the past century and a half
Social Exchange Theory
psychological theory that attempts to explain the
social factors that influence how individuals within
a reciprocal relationship
basic formula for predicting behavior
behavior (profit) = reward of interaction - cost of
interaction
The Emergence of Technology
makes difficult and complicated tasks easier
developments are not just products of one time
thought process
brought about by gradual improvements to earlier
works from different time periods
Key Historical Transitions
- Paleolithic Period
- Neolithic Period
- Rise of Ancient Civilizations
- Industrial Revolution
- The Anthropocene
The Human Origins (6-2 MYA)
● Human Revolution – remarkable and sudden
emergence of language, consciousness and
culture in our species, Homo sapiens sapiens
● Stone Age – called by historians as the early
period of human history
● First humans emerged from Africa, and lived
simultaneously with other hominid species
● Large complex brains provided the capacity to
make and use tools
Paleolithic Age
2.5 MYA-8000 BC
Survival of Paleolithic Age
● nomadic group of people
● traveled in groups, or bands, of about 20 or 30
members
● hunting and gathering: hunted buffalo, bison,
wild goats, reindeer, and other animals (depends
on where they live) and gathered wild nuts,
berries, fruits, wild grains, and green plants
● fished along rivers and coastal areas
● two-thirds of the energy was derived from animal
resources
● Paleo Diet (Caveman diet) : heavy on protein and
low in carbs
Designation of Task within Groups during Paleolithic Age
○ men (hunting)
○ women (gathering; often stayed close to the
camp/body of water; looked after children and
searched nearby woods and meadows for
berries, nuts, grains)
○ everyone worked to find food
○ Some scientists believe that equity existed
between Paleolithic men and women – a man
and a woman worked together to find food for
themselves and their children (first families)
First Tools Made by Humans
●Technology tools and methods to perform tasks
were first used by Paleolithic people.
●Later: made devices from a hard stone called flint
(hard, sedimentary crystalline form of the mineral
quartz)
○ Hitting flint with another hard stone would flake
into pieces
○ Very sharp edges that could be used for
cutting
Flint technology – major breakthrough for early
people
● Over time: made better, more complex tools (e.g.
spears, bows, and arrows – easier for killing
large animals)
● Spears and fish hooks increased number of fish
caught
● Sharp-edged tools to cut up plants and dig roots
● Scraping tools to clean animal hides for clothing
and shelter
● End of Paleolithic Age: smaller and sharper tools
○ needles from animal bones for nets, baskets,
and sew hides together from clothing
Shelter During Paleolithic Age
● learned to make their own shelters
● tents and huts out of animal skins, brush, and
wood
● in cold climates: shelters from ice and snow
● many lived in caves
Fire during the Paleolithic Age
● first use of fire by humans
● for warmth, cooked food, smoked meat could be
stored
● Iron pyrite – stone gave off sparks when struck
against another rock
Communication and Arts during the Paleolithic Age
● Dev’t. of spoken language – constantly growing
and changing
● Transfer of knowledge
● Cave paintings found around the world
● Paint: combined crushed yellow, black, and red
rocks with animal fat
● Twigs and fingertips to apply paint to the rock
walls
Neolithic Revolution
10,200 BC- 4500/2000 BC
● First Agricultural Revolution
● wide-scale transition to agriculture and settlement
● period in the development of human technology
Society during the Neolithic Revolution
● small tribes, composed of families
● domestication of large animals led to dramatic
increase in social inequality
● headed by a charismatic leader of tribal groups
● clothing made of animal skins
● reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated
lands
● encouraged growth of settlements
● production of surplus crop yields
Shelter during the Neolithic Revolution
● growth of agriculture made permanent houses
possible
● mud brick houses and stilt-houses settlements
were common
Growth of Agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution
● surpluses: stored and traded
● agricultural life afforded securities
● sedentary farming populations grew faster than
nomadic
Technology during the Neolithic Revolution
● bracelets, axe heads, chisels, polishing tools
● artifacts are polished
● neolithic grinding stone, neolithic sickle
● skilled manufacturers of other types of stone tools
and ornaments (e.g. projectile points, beads, and
statues)
● Polished stone axe – forest clearance in a large
scale
Rise of Ancient Civilization
sumerian civilization
egyptian civilization
chinese civilization
greek civilization
roman civilization
the middle “dark” ages
the reianissance
Sumerian Civilization (4500 BC- 1900 BC)
● Cuneiform – handwriting
● Uruk City
● Irrigation and dikes
● sailboats
● wheel
● The Plow
Egyptian Civilization (3100-332 BC)
● paper or papyrus
● ink
● hieroglyphics
● cosmetics and wig
● water clock/clepsydra
Chinese Civilization (1600 BC-221 BC)
● silk
● tea production
● Great Wall of China
● gunpowder
Greek Civilization (800 BC-140 BC)
● alarm clock
● water mill
Roman Civilization (753 BC- 476 AD)
● newspaper
● bound books or codex
● roman architecture
● roman numerals
The Middle “Dark” Ages (476 AD-1400s)
● printing press
● microscope
● telescope
● war weapons
The Renaissance (14th-17th century)
● bridge between middle ages and modern history
● started as a cultural movement in Italy and later
spread towards the rest of Europe
Modern History and The Industrial Revolution (1700s-1900s)
● large gains in productivity in spinning and
weaving of textile
● first that employed factory system
● use of machines and “assembly-line” approach
Steam Engine
james watt
Coal Mining
process of extracting coal from
ground
○ coal – valued for its energy content
○ significant increase in demand due to
industrialization
○ substituted charcoal → lowered fuel cost of iron
production
○ charcoal powered steam engine → large
increase in iron production
● invention of first machine tools (e.g. screw cutting
lathe, cylinder boring machine, and milling
machine
Sulphuric Acid
John Roebuck
(1746)
Chemistry during the Industrial Revolution
● fertilizers, detergents, dyes, explosives, drugs,
and other chemicals
● Germany – world leadership in chemical industry
● Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities
Portland Cement
patented chemical process
by British bricklayer turned builder Joseph Aspdin
○ sinter a mixture of clay and limestone to 1400-2,552F), grind into fine powder, mix with
water, sand, and gravel to produce concrete
Rotherham Plough
iron plough by Joseph Foljambe
Thresing Machine
Andrew Meikle
Tin Can
Peter Durand
impact on food preservation and transportation
until the present
Canning Factory
John Hall and Bryan Dorkin
Internal Combustion Engine
● Jean Lenoir (1858)
● heat engine where combustion of fuel occurs with
an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber
→ an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit
● used in mass transportation
Electricity
Benjamin Franklin, Alessandro Volta, Michael
Faraday
Automobile
Henry Ford
Camera
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell
Phonograph
Thomas Edison
Airplane
Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright
The Anthropocene
era in which human activity has been the
dominant influence on climate and the
environment
● Scientists in the Soviet Union used the term
“Anthropocene” as early as the 1960s to refer to
the Quaternary (most recent geological period)
● term widely popularized in 2000 by atmospheric
chemist Paul J. Crutzen, who regards the
influence of human behavior on Earth’s
atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant
as to constitute a new geological time.
Issues during the Anthropocene
nuclear war
fossil fuels
plastic use
changed geology
use of fertilizers
global warming
6th mass extinction
Nuclear Weapons
○ Warfares left their mark on geology
○ First nuclear weapon detonated on 16 July
1945 in New Mexico
Fossil Fuels
○ Burning fossil fuels marked this age
○ Current rates of carbon emission are thought to
be higher than at any time in the last 65 million
years.
carbon dioxide from fossil fuel and industrial processes: largest
carbon dioxide from forestry and other land use
methane
nitrous oxide
F-gases
Plastic Use
○ developed in the 1900s, grown rapidly since
1950s, now produce 500 million tons a year
○ sediments containing plastic is a clear sign of
the Anthropocene
Changed Geology
○ Destroying a patch of rainforest changes the
future of Earth’s geology
○ More than 50% of Earth’s land area has been
transformed for our own purposes.
○ Deforestation, farming, drilling, mining, landfills,
dam-building and coastal reclamation are all
having widespread effects on sedimentary
processes
○ Disrupting how layers of rock are laid down –
detectable thousands of years in the future
Use of Fertilizers
○ attempts to feed an increasing population will
leave clear indicators
○ Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils
have doubled in the last century because of
increased use of fertilizers.
○ produce 23.5 million tons of phosphorus a year.
○ Human activity had the biggest impact on the
nitrogen cycle for 2.5 billion years.
Global Warming
○ Unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average
surface temperature over the past century
primarily due to the greenhouse gasses
released as people burn fossil fuels.
○ Rate of temperature increase has nearly
doubled in the last 50 years.
○ Average global sea levels are higher than at
any point in the past 115,000 years and are
rising rapidly, which may also be detectable in
future.
6th Mass Extinction
○ moment of extinction – the death of the last
individual of the species.
○ sparked by massive global changes mark the
Anthropocene period
Dark Side of Technology
● Technology is a mostly positive endeavor, except
for some troubling and unnerving possibilities
Michio Kaku refers to as “wildcards”
● The unanticipated uses of technology and
science threaten to turn happy futuristic dreams
into nightmares.
● There are dangers, but only dangers if people
don’t understand where technology is taking us.
Philosophy
●“love of wisdom”
It is made up of two Greek words
○ Philo: love
○ Sophos: wisdom
● Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key issues
and concepts in education
● Usually through such questions as:
○ What is being educated?
○ What is the good life?
○ What is knowledge?
○ What is the nature of learning?
○ What is teaching?
● Philosophers think about the meaning of things
and interpretation of that meaning
Science Philosophers Problems
ethical
epistemological
metaphysical
Ethical
● Study of values in human behavior or the study of
moral problems
1.Rightness and wrongness of actions
2.The kinds of things which are good or desirable
3.Whether actions are blameworthy or praiseworthy
Epistemological
● Study of knowledge
● Focuses on how we come to acquire knowledge
and what types of limits there are to our
knowledge
● How do we know what is true?
● Sense experience vs. reason
Metaphysical
● Study of what is really real
● Deals with the the so called first principles of the
natural order and
● The ultimate generalizations available to the
human intellect
● Laws, causation, explanation
Three Branches of Philosophy
metaphysics
epistemology
axiology/ ethics
Metaphysics
● What is the nature of reality?
● One of the key concepts of understanding
philosophy
● Concerned with reality and existence
Two Categories of Metaphysics
1.ONTOLOGY: what is the nature of existence
2.COSMOLOGY: origin and organization of the
universe
Epistemology
● What is the nature of knowledge?
● Raises questions about the nature of knowledge:
logic is a key dimension to epistemology
Two Kinds of Logic
1.DEDUCTIVE: general to specific
2.INDUCTIVE: specific facts to generalization
Axiology/ Ethics
● What is the nature of values?
● Explores the nature of values
Two Kinds of Ethics
1.ETHICS: study of human conduct and examines
moral values
2.AESTHETICS: values beauty, nature, and
aesthetic experience (often associated with
music, art, literature, dance theater, and other fine
arts)
The Sciences
1.MATHEMATICS – theorems and axions
2.PHYSICS – measurement
3.BIOLOGY – structure and function
4.PSYCHOLOGY
5.SOCIAL SCIENCE
Inductivism
● Proposes and rests on a common understanding
of the laws of the universe; there are laws of
nature, uniformities that govern these laws
● Facts are observable and that theories should be
derived from these facts by observation
1.Observation using the senses
2.Seeing is believing
● Observable facts are objective
Hypothetico-Deductivism
● Rejects the context of discovery
● Asserts that “facts” are not always observable
● Facts have come to scientists not by observation
but rather by accident, through dreams, visions,
and pre existing theories
● Rejects the notion that facts are neutral and
objective
● Theories are confirmed, not proven, yet every
instance that lends support corroborates the
theory
Falsificationism
● Rejects the context of discovery
● Confirmation of hypothesis is not enough
● A body of science must be falsifiable
● Notion of scientific progress for falsificationist:
“Scientific theories are tentative”
Conjecture and Refutation
● Science must continue to progress through an
open quest to put existing theories to the test,
allowing preconceived notions of “facts”, whatever
they may be, up to scientific criticism and
refutation.
● Thomas Kuhn: published The Structures of
Scientific Revolutions (1962)
○ Brought previous theories in the history and
philosophy of science to a whole new context
○ Coined the term “paradigm”
Normal Science vs. Revolutionary Science
This period of revolutionary science – theories are
checked, formulations are re-analyzed, and
possible refutations are generated, for a new
paradigm/paradigm shift to occur
Scientific Method
- PROBLEM: ask a question
- RESEARCH: define problem statement
- HYPOTHESIZE: construct the hypothesis
- EXPERIMENT: test the hypothesis
- ANALYZE: collect the data
- INTERPRET: report the results
Types of Data
- QUANTITATIVE DATA
- QUALITATIVE DATA
Quantitative Data
● Laboratory and field experimentations, rating
scales, closed survey questions such as “Yes” or
“No” which can have numerical categories
● Statistics help turn quantitative data into useful
information that are crucial for decision making
● Scientifically objective and rational
a. Numeric Variables
b. How many
c. How much
d. How often
Qualitative Data
● Diary accounts in depth interviews, documents,
focus groups, case study, research, and
ethnography, open-ended surveys
● Provide a deep understanding of how people
perceive their social realities, and in
consequence, how they act within the social world
● “Why do you prefer to use cloth masks vs.
surgical masks”
a. Categorical variables
b. What type
c. From where
d. Qualities
Reliability
● Refers to how consistently a method measures
something.
● If same result can be consistently achieved by
using the same methods under the same
circumstances, the measurement is considered
reliable
Test-Retest Reliability (Across Time)
● The consistency of a measure across time
● Do you get the same results when you repeat the
experiment?
Internal Consistency (Across Items)
● The consistency of the measurement itself
● Do you get the same results from different parts
of an experiment that are designed to measure
the same thing?
Interrater Reliability (Across Researchers)
● The consistency of a measure across raters or
observers
● Do you get the same results when different
people conduct the same experiment?
Validity
● Refers to how accurately a method measures
what it is intended to measure.
● If research has high validity, that means it
produces results that correspond to real
properties, characteristics, and variations in the
physical or social world
● Note: High reliability is one indicator that a
measurement is valid. If a method is not reliable,
it probably isn’t valid
Face Validity
● The extent to which a measurement method
appears “on its face” to measure the construct of
interest
● E.g IQ test
Construct Validity
● Used to ensure that the measure is actually what
it is intended to measure (i.e. the construct), and
not other variables.
● E.g. self-esteem questionnaire
Content Validity
● The extent to which the measurement covers all
aspects of the concepts being measured
● E.g. Comprehension test
Criterion Validity
● The extent to which the result of a measure
corresponds to other valid measures of the same
concept
● E.g. Survey
Discriminant Validity
● The extent to which scores on measures are not
correlated with measures of variables that are
conceptually distinct.
● E.g Self Esteem
CRAAP
● CURRENCY: is the information current?
● RELEVANCE: is the information important
● AUTHORITY: who is the author/ publisher,
sponsor of the news
● ACCURACY: is the information supported by
evidence? Does the author cite credible sources?
Is the information verifiable in other places
● PURPOSE: what is the purpose of the news
Prevention of Spread of Misinformation
● Look for Bias
○ Biased articles may not be giving the whole
story
● Check the Sources
○ Official sounding associations are sometimes
biased think tanks or represent only a fringe
view of a large group of people. If you can’t find
sources, read as much as you can about the
topic to get a feel for what’s already out there
and decide for yourself if the article is accurate
or not
● Check Credentials
○ Is the author specialized in the field that the
article is concerned about? Check LinkedIn or
do a quick google search
● Check the Dates
○ Use most up to date information you can find
● Judge Hard
○ If what you’re reading seems too good to be
true, or too weird, or too reactionary, it probably
is
Pre-Colonial Period in the Philippines
herbal medicines were used to treat illnesses
writing, numerical, measurement, and calendar systems were used for trading
farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were first livelihood skills developed- Banawe Rice Terraces
Colonial Period in the Philippines (Spanish Occupation)
formal education institutions were developed and scientific organizations were launched
medicine and biology were taught in different educational and training institutions
innovative approaches in farming
engineering
Colonial Period in the Philippines (American Occupation)
institutions for science and technology were recognized
Laboratorio Municipal was replaced by Bureau of Government Laboratories and was changed to Bureau of Science
National Research Council of the Philippines: 1933
developments focused on agriculture, medicine, pharmacy, food processing, and forestry
Bureau of Science was replaced to Institute of Science in 1946
Post Colonial Period in the Philippines (Presidents)
Ferdinand Marcos
Corazon Aquino
Fidel Ramos
Joseph Estrada
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Benigno Aquino III
Rodrigo Duterte
President Ferdinand Marcos
mandated DEC (DepEd) to promote science courses in public high schools
established several agencies and organizations
1. Philippine Coconut Research Institute
2. Philippine Textile Research Institute
3. Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (Philippine Nuclear Institute)
4. Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development)
5. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
6. Philippine National Oil Company
7. Plant Breeding Institute
8. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
9. Bureau of Plant Industry
10. National Committee on Geological Sciences
11. National Academy of Science and Technology
President Corazon Aquino
National Science and Technology –> Department of Science and Technology
President Fidel Ramos
3000 Competent Scientists
“Doctor of the Barrio” made healthcare accessible in the far flung areas of the country
The National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology was created for high school students
number of laws were mandated
RA 8349, RA 7687, RA 7459, RA 8293
RA 8349
Magna Carta for Scientist Engineers, Researchers, and other Science and Technology Personnel in Government
RA 7687
Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994
RA 7459
Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act
RA 8293
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
President Joseph Estrada
RA 8749
RA 8792
implementation for cost effective irrigation technologies and providing basic health care services for those who could not afford them
RA 8749
Clean Air Act of 1999
RA 8792
Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Filipinnovation: Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia
RA 9367
RA 10601
RA 9367
Biofuels Act
RA 10601
Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AfMech)
President Benigno Aquino III
national scientists
Gavino C. Trono
marine biology
Angel C. Alcala
biological science
Ramon C. Barba
horticulture
Edgardo D. Gomez
marine biology
President Rodrigo Duterte
S&T sector is seen to be a priority based budget on the budget for research and development
Philippine Space Technology Program
- Diwata 2 in 2018
- Diwata 1 in 2016
importance of disaster preparedness
Science and Technology in the Philippines and the Environment
Contributions:
Mechanization of farming
Water pumps and sprinklers help in managing the damaging effects of extreme heat caused by climate change.
Production of genetically modified crops and fertilizers
Improved transportation
Improved communication
Ways of learning has also changed
Adverse impacts:
Depletion of earth’s natural resources
Generation of wastes
People became too dependent on science and technology
Philippine Inventions
salamander amphibious tricycle
salt lamp
medical incubator
mosquito ovicidal/ larvicidal trap
erythromycin
mole remover
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
Atoy Llave
Salt Lamp
sustainable alternative lighting
aisa mijeno
Medical Incubator
Dr. Fe del Mundo
Erythromycin
Abelardo Aguilar
streptomyces erythreus
Mole Remover
Rolanda dela Cruz
Annacardium occidentale
Jeepneys
one of the most recognizable national symbols
Banana Ketchup
Maria Orosa
mashed banana, sugar, vinegar, and spices
Technology and the Future of Humanity
“What defines a technological tool—one historical definition — is something that takes a human’s sense or ability and augments it and makes it more powerful. So for example, I wear contact lenses or glasses; that is technology that enhances my human ability of vision and makes it better”
Relationship of Technology and Human
humans are inherently technological beings or tool users
technology has become a central part of the human condition
Technological Influence on Society
modern technology has changed the way people interact
there is a huge value and significant drawbacks to technology
Science and Technology
responsible for the ways society is continuously being modernized
must not overlap the basic tenets of ethics and morality
Martin Heidgger 1977
The Question Concerning Technology
- technology as instrumental and anthropological
Technological Advantages
efficiency
time
communication
jobs
education
transportation
creation
Sword of Damocles
analogy to technology in the dangerous world
“with great fortune and power comes also great danger”
lies in how humans let themselves be consumed by it
humans think nature needs to be saved, whereas mother nature would remain evein if humans cease to exist
we must not be consumed by technology lest we lose the essence of who we are as humans
Technologies in a Dangerous Modern World
terrorism
environmental remediation
socio-technical systems
imagination of disaster
e-Learning
e-Commerce
human trafficking and cybersex
drug trafficking
social media
Anthropology of Biology
Cloning and GMOs
Medical Technologies: Targeted Medications
Telecommunications and Interest
Cloning and GMOs
biological technologies could shape the society
- genomics and proteomics
-biotechnology (cloning, genetic engineering, CRISPR)
- synthetic biology
Genomics
deals with the DNA sequence, organization, function, and evolution of genes
Proteomics
aims to identify all the proteins in a cell or organism including any post translationally modified forms, as well as their cellular localization
Biotechnology
uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof to make or modify products or processes for a specific use
the use of living organisms in any form for the convenience of life
Traditional Biotechnology
used in food preservation and production of foods
fermentation: microorganisms are used to produce a product
Modern Biotechnology
gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a better understanding of the structure and functions in living organisms
animal cloning. GMO, gene therapy, plant hybridization, recombinant drugs, antibody production, stem cell therapy, biopharming
;aw and Policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources
aims to help professionals in
- managing
- conserving
- using plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
Aims (Bragdon et al., 2005)
Enhance the nutritional quality of food
Increase crop varieties and choice
Reduce inputs and production costs
Increase profits
Synthetic Biotechnology
design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems and the re-design of existing natural biological systems for useful purpose
engineer’s approach to biology
the next generation of bioengineering
Genetic Engineering
technique that allows genes and DNA to be transferred from one source to another
better understanding of the structure and function of genes in living organisms
LMO
living modified organisms
GMO
genetically modified organisms
Cloning
identical copies of an individual are made
possesses the same genetic material as the original organism
can occur naturally through asexual reproduction
Genetic Engineering
process in which scientists manipulate genes to create purposefully different versions of organisms and in some cases, entirely new living things
geneticists have been introduced genes from one species to another
biotechnology via gene cloning
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) or Gene Splicing/ Gene Modification/ Transgenic Technology
products of artificial manipulation and alternation of a species’ genetic material in a laboratory using genetic engineering
genetic makeup has been modified using recombinant DNA methods (also called gene splicing), gene modification, or transgenic technology
plant, animal bacteria and virus genes may be combined or may be crossbred to produce another kind of species that do not naturally occur in the environment.
Transgenic organisms: transfer of genes
Aims to address issues about food security, agriculture, drug production, and nutrition
Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen
first scientists to genetically modify an organism by combining genes from two different E. coli.
Pros of GMO
increased crop yield pest resistance
Cons of GMO
Growing concern with how GMOs may affect consumers’ health and the environment
Concerns on human rights
Accident in genetically engineering a virus or bacteria may cause a serious epidemic.
Humulin
first GMO drug approved by FDA
insulin produced using E coli bacteria
Bovine Somatotropin (bST)
metabolic protein hormone used to increase milk production in dairy cows for commercial use
Flavr Savr
FDA approved tomato for sale on grocery stores
delays its ripening effect
gives longer shelf life
Golden Rice
developed in the Philippines to address vitamin A deficiency
Variety of Oryza sativa genetically modified to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.
Bt toxins
in the blood of pregnant women in eastern quebec
Yorkshire Pig
genetically modified to produce offspring that produce the enzyme phytase in their saliva to digest plant phosphorus, unlike that of normal pigs.
CRISPR Technology/ CRISPR-CaS9
Clustered
Regularly
Interspaced
Short
Palindromic
Repeats
CRISPR Technology
DNA snippets of viruses in a bacterial DNA (new DDNA becomes part of their own)
CaS 9- enzyme that acts like a pair of molecular scissors, capable of cutting strands of DNA.
Genetic engineering tool that uses a CRISPR sequence of DNA and its associated protein (Cas9) to edit the base pairs of a gene.
Adapted from the natural defense mechanisms of bacteria and archaea
Foil attacks by viruses and other foreign bodies by chopping up and destroying the DNA of a foreign invader
Enable scientists to repair genetic defects (genetic diseases) or use genetically modified human cells as therapies.
Diseases that Can Be Cured by CRISPR
cancer
blood disorders
blindness
AIDS
cystic fibrosis
muscular dystrophy
Huntington’s disease
Designer Babies
A baby genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits or a baby whose genetic makeup has been altered or chosen to provide the desired genome
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis-selecting the best egg; simplest method and used since 198
Coronavirus Testing Basics
diagnostic test
- molecular tests
-antigen tests
antibody test
Diagnostic Test
show if you have an active coronavirus infection and should take steps to quarantine or isolate yourself from others.
Molecular Tests
(e.g. RT-PCR tests) – detect the virus’s genetic material
Antigen Test
detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus.
Antibody Test
looks for antibodies that are made by your immune system in response to a threat, such as a specific virus. Antibodies can help fight infections. Antibodies can take several days or weeks to develop after you have an infection and may stay in your blood for several weeks or more after recovery. Because of this, antibody tests should not be used to diagnose an active coronavirus infection.
Communications
Social process of information exchange, covers the human need for direct contact and mutual understanding
Telecommunication
Edourad Estaunie in 1904
“information exchange by means of electrical signals”
science and technology of communication over a distance
a technology that eliminates distance between continents, countries, persons
Prehistoric Era of Telecommunication
Prehistoric Era: Fires, beacons, smoke signals, communication drums, horns: Man’s first attempts at distance communication were extremely limited.
Prehistoric man relied on fire and smoke signals as well as drum messages to encode information over a limited geographic area as they attempted to contact neighboring clans. These signals also needed to have very simple, pre-decided meanings like “safe” or “danger” or “victory” or could be used as a form of alarm system to alert prehistoric clans to predators or invading clans.
Messaged carried by men, ship, and animals: spoken words or through written words (mail)
Europe 1790s
fixed semaphore systems- information is conveyed by means of visual signals, using towers with pivoting shutters also known as blades (paddles)
Claude Chappe (1763-1805)
began the era of telecommunications with the successful operation of his optical telegraph between Paris and Lilie.
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872)
writing telegraph of Morse proved its superiority and found worldwide use.
Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922): He invented the telephone.
The operation of a telephone line began in 1876 in the United States.
Thomas Alva Edison (1877)
invented the acoustic phonograph
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894)
He laid the basis of radio transmission with successful experiments in 1887-1889 that proved the existence of electromagnetic radiation and its similarity to the behavior of light.
Guglielmo Marconi
radio era; wireless communication. Marconi succeeded in transmitting a radio signal over a few kilometers at Bologna in 1896. He successfully combined technical ingenuity with commercial aptitude.
Karl Braun (1897)
invented the cathode ray tube (CRT) in broadcasting of images.
Phillip T. Farnsworth (1927)
made history when he demonstrated the first working television set.
Charley Kline and Bill Duvall (1969)
first computer network. The first data traveled between nodes of the ARPANET, a predecessor of the internet.
Martin Cooper (1973)
He invented the first modern-era mobile phone. The first cellular phone had a maximum talk time of 30 minutes and it took a year for the battery to recharge.
Jonathan Postel
SMTP email
shifted the focus of the Internet from security to reliability using the networks as relay stations to send electronic mail to the recipient through cooperative hosts.
Internet (1983)
On January 1, 1983, the Internet was officially born. ARPANET officially switched its old network control protocols (NCP) and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) became standard.
Iridum (1988)
produced the first hand-held satellite phones, which were smaller and less cumbersome than the earlier “bag” phones. This revolutionized mobile telecommunications and would lead to the modern smartphone.
Tim Barners Lee (1989)
British scientist at CERN, who invented the World Wide Web (WWW). The web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automatic information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world.
Nanotechnology
control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale – things that are about 100 nanometers across
Refers to manipulation of matter on an atomic to subatomic scale
Benefits of Nanotechnology
products for a more energy efficient world
highly sophisticated tools
next generation materials
solutions that help to create more drinkable water
Consumer Products that use Nanotechnology
products you use every day from clothing to skin lotion
Silver nanoparticles in fabric that kill bacteria, making clothing odor-resistant.
Skin care products that use nanoparticles to deliver vitamins deeper into the skin
Lithium ion batteries that use nanoparticle-based electrodes powering plug-in electric cars.
Flame retardant formed by coating the foam used in furniture with carbon nanofibers.
Social Implications and Ethical Considerations in Cloning
Homosexual and sterile couples to have biological offspring
Helps in in-depth research, like motor neuron disease.
Embryonic stem cells can be cloned to produce tissues or organs to replace or repair the damaged ones.
Allow parents who have lost a child a chance to redress their loss using the DNA of their deceased child
Religious Issues in Cloning
“playing God”
Human embryo should be left alone
Takes away the uniqueness of an individual
Medical Issues in Cloning
Success rate 0.1% – 3% only
Enucleated egg and the transferred nucleus may not be compatible
Pregnancy might fail
Problems during later development
Abnormal gene expressions
Australia’s Issues in Cloning
prohibited human cloning
therapeutic cloning is legal
Canada’s Issues in Cloning
prohibits: cloning human, stem cells, growing human embryos for research, buying and selling of human reproductive materials
India’s Issues in Cloning
no specific law but has specific guidelines prohibiting human cloning
stem cell research is allowed
Argentina’s Issues in Cloning
prohibits “experiments concerning cloning of human cells in order to generate human beings”
Issues on Targeted Medications
Requires skill for administration & storage
May produce toxicity symptoms
Difficult to maintain the stability of the drug in dosage form
High sophisticated technology for formulation
Insufficient localization of targeted systems into tumor cells
Very costly
Issues on Telecommunications and Internet
community breakdown
cyber bullying
scammers/hackers
privacy
identity theft
data tracking
health and fitness
dark web
terrorism & crime
fake news
Issues on eMedicine and eConsultation
Regulatory and Industry Barriers.
Physical Examination is limited.
Equipment and Technology are costly
Issues on Nanotechnology
Public trust and potential risks
Issues of environmental impact
