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Cytogenetics > Preliminaries > Flashcards

Preliminaries Flashcards

1
Q

structure of DNA
A means…

A

adenine

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2
Q

structure of DNA
T means…

A

THYMINE

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3
Q

structure of DNA
C means…

A

CYTOSINE

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4
Q

structure of DNA
G means…

A

GUANINE

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5
Q

What are the four (4) nitrogen-containing bases

A

(A) denine
(G) uanin
(C) ytosin
(T) hymine

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6
Q

Who elucidated the molecular structure of DNA and in what year?

A

James Watson & Francis Crick

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7
Q

What does James Watson and Francis Crick used in 1953

A

X-ray diffraction data

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8
Q

who collected the X-ray diffraction data?

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

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9
Q

What does Watson and Crick propose?

A

Doble Helix

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10
Q

a twisted, spiral ladder structure consisting of two long chains wound around each other and held together by hydrogen bonds

A

Double Helix

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11
Q

dna is composed of composed units which is called _______

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

purine with a double-ring structure

A

Guanine

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13
Q

smaller pyrimidine molecules with a single ring structure

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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14
Q

Who performed the biochemical anlyses?

A

Erwin Chargaff

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15
Q

________ consists of two sister chromatids, each of which is comprised of a contracted and compacted double Helix of DNA .

A

Chromosome

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16
Q

_______ is a constriction visible on metaphase chromosomes where the two sister chromatids are joined together.

A

Centromere

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17
Q

The synthesis of a new molecule of DNA is called _______

A

replication

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18
Q

What Is the 3 general categories that the DNA classified

A

Unique sequence
highly repetitive sequence DNA
middle repititive sequence DNA

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19
Q

in what law does the two alleles segregate randomly from each other during the formation of gametes

A

First Law: Principle of Segregation

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20
Q

___ are different version of the same gene

A

allele

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21
Q

Refers to an individual with two identical alleles

A

homyzygous

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22
Q

an individual with two different alleles

A

heterozygous

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23
Q

refers to specific allelic composition of an individual

A

genotype

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24
Q

it is a term was suggested in 1920 by ______

A

Genome
Hans Winkler

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25
Q

it is a blend of gene and chromosomes

A

genome

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26
Q

it can be defined as the genetic material of an organism

A

genome

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27
Q

the Study of chromosomes and their role in heredity

A

Cytogenetics

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28
Q

focuses on studying structure composition of chromosomes as well as diagnosis chromosomal abnormalities associated with disease

A

Cytogenetics

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29
Q

refers to the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

Karyotype

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30
Q

refers to the complete set of chromosomes in a species

A

Karyotype

31
Q

a normal human contain ____ pair of autosomes and ___ of sex chromosomes

A

22 pairs
1 pair

32
Q

the Study of chromosomes and genomic structure, function, variation and their role in human disease and hereditary

A

Cytogenetics

33
Q

hereditary material in the humans and almost all other organism

A

DNA

34
Q

most dna is located in the _________ where it is called ________ DNA

A

cell nucleus
nuclear DNA

35
Q

small amount of DNA can also be found in the _________ and is called ________ DNA or _______

A

mitochondrial DNA or mDNA

36
Q

structure of RNA
A means..

A

adenine

37
Q

U means…

A

uracil

38
Q

C means…

A

Cytosine

39
Q

G means…

A

Guanine

40
Q

A is paired in to

A

T

41
Q

G is paired to

A

C

42
Q

T isa paired to

A

A

43
Q

C is paired to

A

G

44
Q

3 types of RNA

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
ribisomal RNA (rRNA)

45
Q

TO CONVEY GENETIC INFORMATION

A

messenger RNA

46
Q

molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome

A

transfer rna

47
Q

links amino acids together to form proteins

A

ribosomal rna

48
Q

a polymeric molecule essential in various biological role in :

A

RNA

49
Q

a polymeric molecule essential in various biological role in : what

A

coding
decoding
regulation and
expression of gene

50
Q

function: medium of long term stable storage and transmission of genetic information

A

dna

51
Q

function: transfers genetic code needed for the creation of Proteins fron the nucleus to the ribosomes

A

rna

52
Q

structure or dna

A

double-stranded

53
Q

structure of rna

A

single stranded

54
Q

Location: in the nucleus of the cell in mitochondria

A

DNA

55
Q

Location: in the nucleus, ytoplasm, ribosome

A

RNA

56
Q

chromosomes are at their greatest elongation and are not vissiobe as discrete structures under the light microscope during interphase

A

Prophase

57
Q

short period between prophase and metaphase during which the nuclear membrane disappears to the spindle fibers begin to appear

A

Prometaphase

58
Q

______ are visible early prophase but disappear as the stag progresses

A

nuleoli

59
Q

the mitotic spindle is completed, the centioles divide and move to opposite poles, and the chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate

A

metaphase

60
Q

it takes place only in the ovaries and testes

A

Meosis

61
Q

the final stages of mitosis

A

telophase

62
Q

centromers divide longitudinally and the chromatids separate during this stage

A

anaphase

63
Q

a complex stage that is further subdivided as follows

A

prophase 1

64
Q

In ________ there are _____ chromosomes each compromised of two chromatids

A

leptotene
46 chromosomes

65
Q

it appears as long thread-like structures pair locus for locus

A

zygotene

66
Q

the centromers of each bivalent separate and migrate to opposite poles

A

anaphase 1

67
Q

chromosomes reach their greatest contraction during last stage of prophase

A

Diakinesis

68
Q

characterized vy disappearance of the nuclear membrane and formation of meiotic spindle

A

metaphase 1

69
Q

____ in human females begins in prenatal life

A

oogenesis

70
Q

______ takes please in the seminiferous tubules of the male testes

A

spermatogenesis

71
Q

the chromosome of the egg and sperm produced in meiosis II are each surrounded by a unclear membrane within the cytoplasm of the ovum and are reffered to as pronuclei

A

fertilization

72
Q

who formulated the term karyotype to refer the orders arrangement of chromosomes

A

Levitsky

73
Q

who introduced the chromosomes in 1888

A

waldeyer

74
Q

chromosomes from the Greek word…

A

colored body

Cytogenetics (2 decks)

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