PRELIM PERIOD Flashcards
Introduction + Function
1
Q
These are organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
A
Microorganisms
2
Q
A rapidly growing cell
A
Germ
3
Q
It is the term that means “disease causing”
A
Pathogenic
4
Q
(T or F) Microbes decompose organic waste
A
T
5
Q
(T or F) Microbes are not producers in the ecosystem because they do not undergo photosynthesis
A
F
6
Q
Microbes help produce industrial chemicals such as ____ and _____.
A
Ethanol and Acetone
7
Q
The term used for the process of making vinegar, cheese, and bread.
A
Fermentation
8
Q
Microbes that is used in manufacturing
A
Cellulase
9
Q
Microbes produce products used in disease treatment
A
Insulin
10
Q
Stone-washing microbes
A
Trichoderma
11
Q
Cotton producing microbes
A
Gluconacetobacter
12
Q
Microbes used to debleach jeans
A
Mushroom peroxidase
13
Q
Microbes that produces indigo pigment
A
E. Coli
14
Q
Microbes that aids to make plastics
A
Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate
15
Q
E. Coli bacteria produces indigo from ______.
A
Tryptophan
16
Q
(T or F) Microbes allow humans to prevent food spoilage.
A
T
17
Q
He established the system of scientific nomenclature.
A
Linnaeus
18
Q
Two parts of scientific name
A
Genus and specific epithet
19
Q
(T or F) Scientific names are written in bold.
A
F (Should be either underlined or italicized)
20
Q
Scientific names are _______ and used worldwide
A
Latinized
21
Q
(T or F) Scientific names cannot be descriptive or honor a scientist
A
F
22
Q
He discovered E. Coli
A
Theodor Escherich
23
Q
Location where the E.coli is found
A
Colon
24
Q
Clustered cells
A
Staphylo
25
Spherical cells
Cocci
26
Gold colored colonies
Aureus
27
Where is the S. Aureus found?
Skin
28
Walls that are in bacteria
Peptidoglycan cell walls
29
Bacteria's reproduction process
Binary fission
30
These microorganisms use organic, inorganic chemicals and photosynthesis for energy
Bacteria
31
Rod-shaped bacterium that is the main cause of pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae
32
These microorganisms are prokaryotic, they lack peptidoglycan and live in extreme environments
Archaea
33
An example of this microorganism is rectangular bacteria
Archaea
34
Eukaryotes, uses chemicals for energy, can be multicellular and unicellular
Fungi
35
Walls present in Fungi
Chitin
36
Type of fungi that is unicellular
Yeast
37
Masses that make up molds and mushrooms
Mycelia
38
Filaments that composes molds and mushrooms
Hyphae
39
A common bread mold
Mucor
40
These microorganisms are eukaryotes and they can absorb and ingest organic materials
Protozoa
41
These are used to engulf prey and move
Pseudopods
42
Short, hair-like structures that move cells and fluids
Cilia
43
Whip-like structures that propel cells forwards
Flagella
44
An example of protozoan
Amoeba
45
These microorganisms have cellulose cell walls and uses photosynthesis
Algae
46
A pond algae
Volvox
47
These are acellular and is either consist of DNA or RNA core
Viruses
48
The surrounding of viruses
Protein coat
49
What encloses the coat of viruses
Lipid envelope
50
Viruses are only replicated when ______.
They are in a living host cell
51
An example of virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
52
Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called
Helminths
53
A parasitic guinea worm that is the design used in the rod of asclepius
Dracunlulus medinensis
54
Three domains of microorganisms
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
55
Classifications of eukarya
Protists, fungi, plants, animals
56
57
Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth
True
58
The year when first microbes were observed
1673
59
In _____, scientist ______, reported that living things are composed of little boxes
1665, Robert Hooke
60
In ______, ______ said that cells arise from preexisting cells
1858, Rudolf Virchow
61
All things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
Cell theory
62
Who first described live microorganisms?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
63
What year did Anton van Leeuwenhoek described microorganisms?
1673 to 1723
64
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter
Spontaneous generation
65
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
Biogenesis
66
In 1668, he evidenced biogenesis using 6 jars of decaying meat
Francesco Redi
67
He put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
John Needham
68
In 1765, he boiled nutrient solutions in flasks
Lazzaro Spallanzani
69
In 1861, he demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the ajr
Louis Pasteur
70
Golden age of microbiology
1857 to 1914
71
Conversion of sugar to alcohol
Fermentation
72
What is responsible for spoilage of food?
Microbial growth
73
Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid
Acetobacter Bacteria
74
Refers to the application of high heat for a short time
Pasteurization
75
He believed that silkworm disease was caused by a FUNGUS
Agostini Bassi
76
He believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan
Pasteur
77
He advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of peurperal fever
Ignaz Semmelweis
78
He used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections
Joseph Lister
79
The type of antimicrobial agent that Joseph Lister used
Phenol
80
He proved that bacterium causes anthrax
Robert Koch
81
According to him, specific microbes causes specific disease
Robert Koch
82
Was the first person to discover vaccine
Edward Jenner
83
Root word for vaccination that means cow
Vacca
84
Protection from diseases is called
Immunity
85
Treatment with chemicals
Chemotherapy
86
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infections could be ________
Synthetic drugs
87
Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi to inhibit and kill other microbes
Antibiotics
88
Was then used to treat malaria
Quinine bark
89
Speculated about a magic bullet that can destroy a pathogen without harming the host
Paul Ehrlich
90
Drug that Ehrlich developed to treat syphilis
Salvarsan
91
In 1930, what are synthesized?
Sulfonamides
92
he was the first to discover antibiotics
Alexander Fleming
93
Fungus that killed S. Aureus
Pennicilin
94
In ______, Penicillin was tested and mass produced
1940s
95
Study of bacteria
Bacteriology
96
Study of fungi
Mycology
97
Study of viruses
Virology
98
Study of protozoa and parasitic worms
Parasitology
99
Study if immunity
Immunology
100
The use of immunology to identify some bacteria was proposed by ______
Rebecca Lancefield
101
What is the microorganisms that Rebecca Lancefield used and classified according to stereotypes?
Steptococci
102
Study of how microbes inherit traits
Microbial genetics
103
Study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
Molecular biology
104
Study of an organism's genes
Genomics
105
DNA made from two different sources
Recombinant DNA
106
He inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA, and the bacteria produced an animal protein
Paul Berg
107
They showed that genes encode a cell's enzyme
George Beadle and Edward Tatum
108
They showed that DNA is the hereditary material
Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty
109
They discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
Francois Jacob and Jacques Manod
110
Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage
Bioremediation
111
Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides
biological insecticides
112
Infections that are fatal in many insects but harmless to humans
Bacillus Thuringiensis
113
Use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals
Biotechnology
114
Produces xanthan
Xhantomonas Campestris
115
New technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins
Recombinant DNA technology
116
A therapy used to fix missing and defective genes
Gene therapy
117
Term used to call bacteria because they are once classified as plants
Flora
118
Microbes that are normally present in and on the human body
Microbiota
119
Ability of the body to ward off disease
Resistance
120
Masses that grow when microbes attach to solid surfaces
Biofilms
121
New diseases and diseases increase in incidence
Emerging Infectious Diseases
122
Primarily in waterfowl and poultry; no human to human transmission
Avian Influenza A
123
MRSA
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
124
Causes by West Nike Virus and was first diagnosed in the West Nile region of Uganda; non migratory birds in 47 states
West Nike Encephalitis
125
Causes the spread of West Nile Encephalitis
Culex mosquito
126
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy is caused by
Prion
127
Toxin producing strain of E. Coli
O157:H7
128
Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
129
First reported in 1976, causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries; Transmitted via Water
Cryptosporidiosis
130
Prokaryote came from the Greek words ______
prenucleus
131
Comes from the greek words for _______
Eukaryote
132
Has no histones, no organelles, can either have peptidoglycan walls or pseudomurein cell walls
Prokaryote
133
134
Has paired chromosomes, histones, organelles, and polysaccharide cell walls
Eukaryotes
135
Average size of prokaryotic cells
0.2-1.0 mym x 28 mym
136
T or F. Bacterias can be pleomorphic but most are monomorphic
T
137
This type of cell can have more than 1000 peritrichous flagella in the swarming stage
Proteus
138
Rod-shaped
Bacillus
139
Spherical
Coccus
140
Spiral
Spirillum, vibrio, spirochete
141
Diplococci
Two cocci
142
streptococci
multiple cocc8
143
Coccobacillus
circular-rectangular
144
Double stranded helix example
Bacillus subtilus
145
Pairs
Diplococci, diplobacilli
146
Clusters
Staphylococci
147
Chains
Steptococci, streptobacillus
148
Outside cell walls, usually sticky, nearly organizer, slime layer, extracellular polysaccharide
Glycocalyx
149
These capsules prevent
Phagocytosis
150
Outside cell wall, made of chains of flagellin
Flagella
151
Able to rotate flagella to run or tumble
Motile cells
152
Also called endoflagella, rotation causes the fell to move
Axial filaments
153
Example of microorganisms that have an axial filament
Leptospira
154
These allow attachment
Fimbriae
155
These facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another
Pili
156
What does the cell wall prevent?
Osmotic lysis
157
Cell walls are made out of (bacteria)
Peptidoglycan
158
Polymer of peptidoglycans
N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
159
What links peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria?
Polypeptides
160
Has thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acids
Gran Positive Cell Wall
161
Has thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane and a periplasmic space
Gram negative cell wall
162
What acids links to plasma membrane
Lipoteichoic acids
163
What acids link to peptidoglycan
Wall teichoic acid
164
Forms the periplasm between outer membrane and the plasma membrane
Gram negative cell wall
165
Example of gram negative outer membrane
Endotoxins, porins
166
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan and CV-I Crystals do not leave
Gram positive
167
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan; CV-I washes out
Gram negative
168
Gram positive color
Blue
169
gram negative color
red
170
Disrupts GPCW
lysozome
171
waxy lipids bound to peptidoglycan
Mycolic acid
172
Acid-fast cell walls
Mycobacterium, Nocardia
173
They lack cell walls and are sterols in the plasma membrane
Mycoplasmas
174
Wall-less and walls of pseudomeurin
Archaea
175
A wall-less cell
Protoplast
176
Wall-less gram positive cell
Spheroplast
177
Wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes
L forms
178
Plasma membrane of the cell parts
Lipid bilayer, peptidoglycan, outer membane
179
Model of plasma membrane
Fluid mosaic model
180
Allows passage if some molecules
Selective permeability
181
Photosynthetic pigments on foldings
Chromatophores or thylakoids
182
Movement of solute from high to low concentration
Simple Diffusion
183
Solutes combines with a transporter protein in membrane
Facilitated diffusion
184
Movement of water across high to low concentration
Osmosis
185
Pressure needed to stop water movement across the membrane
Osmotic pressure
186
Another term for water channels
Aquaporins
187
Solution with no net movement
Isotonic solution
188
Water moves into the cell; cell swells
Hypotonic solution
189
Water moves out of the cell; sinking the cell
Hypertonic
190
Requires a transporter protein and ATP
Active transport
191
Requires transporter protein and PEP
Group translocation
192
Substance inside the plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
193
Bacterial chromosome
Nucleoid
194
Subunits of ribosomes
70s (50 + 30S)
195
made of nano-sized crystals of magnetic iron minerals, like magnetite or greigite
Magnetosomes
196
Phosphate reserves
Metachromatic granules
197
Energy reserves
Polysaccharide granules
198
Energy reserves
Lipid inclusions
199
Energy reserves
Sulfur granules
200
Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation
Carboxysomes
201
Protein covered cylinders
Gas vacuoles
202
Iron oxide that destroys H2O2
Magnetosomes
203
H2O2
Hydrogen peroxide
204
Resting cells, resistant to heat and chemicals
Endospores
205
Endospore formation
Sporulation
206
return of endospores to vegetative stage
Germination
207
Parts of Flagella and Cilia
Microtubules, tubulin, 2 pairs + 2 array
208
Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane; bonded to proteins and lipid membranes
Glycocalyx
209
Pseudopods extend and engulf particles
Phagocytosis
210
Membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid
Pinocytosis
211
Substance inside plasma and outside nucleus
Cytoplasm membrane
212
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Cytosol
213
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Cytoskeleton
214
Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells
Cytoplasmic streaming
215
Products of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
216
Location of free ribosomes
Cytoplasm
217
Contains chromosomes
Nucleus
218
Transport network of organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum
219
Membrane formation and secretion
Golgi complex
220
Digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
221
Brings food into cells and provide support
vacuole
222
Site of cellular respiration
Mitochondria
223
Responsible for photosynthesis
Chloroplast
224
Oxidates fatty acids and destroys H2O2
Peroxisome
225
Consists of protein fibers and centrioles
Centrosome
226
A protozoan that lives in the termite gut
Mixotricha
