[PRELIM] Nature of Language / Communicative Competence / Communication Styles and Purposes Flashcards
One important element in the process of communication.
Language
According to Sapir, what is language?
It is a human and non-instinctive method of communicating emotions, ideas, and desires through a system of voluntarily produced symbols.
According Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, language goes beyond just describing real situations for it primarily aims to what?
To form the components of culture
According to Henry Sweet, language may be defined as the expression of thought utilizing what?
Speech sounds (NON VERBAL)
According to them, language is a system of communication by sound i.e., through the organs of speech and hearing, among human beings of a certain group of community, using vocal symbols processing, arbitrary conventional meanings.
Mario A Pei & Frank Gaynor
These are essential for communication. These are all interconnected, thus when one learns a new language, the best effort to do is by engaging all the skills in balance.
The 5 Macro Skills
What happens to an individual when one of the five macro skills is not use and practice well?
It will become the weaker skill of an individual.
It is the skill of grasping and decoding information during the exchange of messages. It is the beginning of understanding and a valuable key to effective communication. It is the task of getting the meaning of what is being heard.
Listening
It is a prerequisite to understanding.
Listening
It is the ability that makes us superior to other species.
Speaking
It is a complex, cognitive and linguistic skill that involves roods and sounds. It also involves meaning, sociality relationship, affect, cultural issues, performance, and sound elements.
Speaking
What are the functions of speaking?
- Interaction
- Transaction
- Performance
This is seen in social conversations.
For example, a student shares her get away experience to a friend, a taxi driver chats with his passenger or a sales lady, telling her manager about her recent experience.
Interaction
This happens when someone wants to cut across a message. There is an act to be done after the message is received.
For example, a boy orders a box of pizza, a teacher gives instruction on the assignment of the lessons to her students, or book a plane ticket via phone call.
Transaction
This is when an audience accepts the message spoken. There is an emphasis on the accuracy, the sequencing of ideas, the form and the organisation.
For example, speeches conducted to persuade, like oration or a debate.
Performance
It is a multifaceted process involving word recognition, comprehension and fluency and motivation. It is making meaning from print.
Reading
Identifying the words in print
Word recognition
Construct an understanding from the words
Comprehension
Coordinate identifying word and making meaning so that reading is automatic and accurate.
Fluency
The passion to read or build the skill.
Motivation
It is another macro skill which language teachers should master and teach students.
Writing
A good ability of this skill may increase the chances of a person on success.
Writing
What are the different types of writing?
- Expository
- Descriptive
- Persuasive
- Narrative
It allows students to pause and reflect and think about the image as they are seeing and analyse or evaluate further these visuals for better use. It includes giving meaning to the images or visuals, and even with computer problems and website which have printed and spoken words.
Viewing
It gives an avenue for students to understand things and gain knowledge through information, which is communicated by others, especially with the use of technology.
Viewing
In this age and time, ____ will be an important skill and requirement for success in business as this generation experiences an information revolution.
Visual literacy
In 1984, they mentioned that communicative competence refers to the knowledge one has on morphology, phonology, syntax, including how and when to use these appropriately in utterances.
Cooley and Roach
It is the proper and efficient communication flow and the skill to utilize and acclimate the expertise in different situtations.
Communicative competence
It is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures.
Communication
What are the nature of communication?
- It is a process.
- It occurs between 2 or more people.
- It can be expressed through words, actions, or both at the same time.
In the process of communication, what does TLPR stands for?
Transmit
Listen
Perceive
React
What are the types of communication?
- Verbal communication
- Nonverbal communication
- Written communication
It is also known as oral communication as it uses spoken words to communicate a message.
Verbal communication
It includes body language, gestures, facial expressions and even posture. It sets the tone of a conversation, and can seriously undermine the message contained in your words if you are not careful to control it.
Nonverbal communication
It is essential for communicating complicated information, such as statistics, that could not be easily communicated through speech alone. It allows information to be recorded so that it can be referred to at a later date.
Written communication
What are the elements(process) of communication?
- Speaker
- Message
- Encoding
- Channel
- Decoding
- Receiving
- Feedback
- Context
- Barrier
The source of information or message.
Speaker
The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions.
Message
The process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands.
Encoding
The medium or the means (personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal) in which the encoded message is conveyed.
Channel
The process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver.
Decoding
The recipient of the message or someone who decodes the message.
Receiver
The reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver.
Feedback
The environment where communication takes place.
Context
The factors that affect the flow of communication or the effectives/ineffectiveness.
Barrier
This type of communication, certain rules, conventions and principles are followed while communicating message. Use of slang and foul language is avoided and correct pronunciation is required.
Formal communication
In formal communication, ____ are needed to be followed.
Authority lines
This type of communication is done using channels that are in contrast with the other type of communication channels. It is established for societal affiliations of members in an organization and face to face discussions.
Informal communication
____ is the reception of sound; ____ is the attachment of meaning.
Hearing; Listening
RAU is the process of listening. What does it stand for?
Receiving
Attending
Understanding
Much human listening falls for the reason that receivers are not connected or “tuned in” to the senders. Sometimes, the problem is a physiological one.
Receiving
What are the factors of Attending?
Selectivity of attention (interesting)
Strength of attention
Sustainment of attention (how long can one listen)
Effective communication depends on ____; that is effective communication does not take place until the receiver ____ the message.
Understanding; understands
The listening process may end with understanding since effective communication and effective listening may be defined as the accurate sharing or understanding of meaning, but this may be needed or at least helpful.
Responding (response)
Memorization of facts is not the key to good listening yet memory is often a necessary and integral part of the listening process.
Remembering
It is an imitation of the real thing. These type of listeners give the appearance of being attentive by eye-contact, nod, and smile.
Pseudolistening
They are intereted only in expressing their ideas and do not care about what anyone else has to say.
Stage hogging
They respond only to the parts of a speaker’s remarks that interest the, rejecting everything else.
Selective listening
They are almost the opposite of their selective-hearing cousin. Instead of looking for something, these people avoid it. Whenever a topic arises they would rather not deal with it. They simply fail to hear it or acknowledge it.
Insulate listening
They take innocent comments as personal attacks.
Defensive listening
They listen carefully but only because they are collecting information to attack what you have to say.
Ambushing
What are the dimensions of communication?
- Self
- One to one
- Group
- Inter-group
- Public speaking
- Mass communication
It is a vebal means of communicating. Speaking is part of it, also writing, drawing, and manual signing.
Speech
It is a process that requires very precise neuromuscular coordination. It involves components such as voice quality, intonation, and rate.
Sppech
In face-to-face conversation, non speech means may carry up to ____ percent of the information.
60%
It refers to a speech disorder that interrupts the flow of speech.
Stuttering
People who stutter can experience these types of disruption
- Repetitions
- Blocks
- Prolongations
These occur when people involuntarily repeat sounds, vowels, or words.
Repetitions
These happen when people know what they want to say but have difficulty making the necessary speech sounds. It may cause someone to feel as though their words are stuck.
Blocks
These refer to the stretching or drawing out of particular sounds or words.
Prolongations
