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Histopathology > Prelim Lab #1 > Flashcards

Prelim Lab #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are there 3 copies needed for Histopath reports

A

File lab
Physician
Patient

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2
Q

Signatories

A

Request

Result

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3
Q

Routine Turn-over of results

A 
Surgical Pathology (24 hrs)
Frozen section (5-15 mins)
Autopsy report (w/in 1 week)
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4
Q

Storage of Specimen

A 
Tissue Blocks (3-10yrs)
Slides (indefinitely keep)
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5
Q

Includes entering the details of the specimen in a logbook.

A

Numbering

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6
Q

Gross description is done by who?

A

A PATHOLOGIST

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7
Q

Ideal size for specimen processing:

A

3x2 cm; 3.5 mm thick

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8
Q

In our experiments the size of specimen processing is?

A

2x2 cm; 4 cm thick

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9
Q

Thickness of the lung specimen

A

2 cm thick

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10
Q

Preserving the morphology and chemical integrity of the cells as close as to the original as possible.

A

Fixation

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11
Q

First and most critical step in histotechnology

A

Fixation

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12
Q

Procedures are adopted to kill, harden and preserve materials for microscopic study

A

Fixation

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13
Q

Primary goal of fixation?

A

Preserve

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14
Q

Secondary goal of fixation

A

To harden and protect the tissue from trauma of further handling

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15
Q

Factors involved in Fixation

A 
Temp
Thickness
Osmolality
pH
Concentration 
Volume
Time and Duration of fixation
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16
Q

Inc in Temp

A

Heat= accelerates process of distortion

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17
Q

The temp is traditionally carried out in a?

A

Room temperature

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18
Q

Temp. for EM and Histochemistry

A

0-4 degree C

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19
Q

Temp. for Autotechnicon

A

40 degree C

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20
Q

It is an automatic tissue processor

A

Autotechnicon

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21
Q

Formalin used @ 50 degree C

A

Rapid fixation of urgent biopsies

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22
Q

Formalin used @ 100 degree C

A

Tissues with TB

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23
Q

Thickness for LM

A

2 cm2

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24
Q

Thickness for EM

A

1-2cm2

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25
Q

ph used in fixation

A

6-8

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26
Q

Why is the pH 6-8 used in fixation?

A

For satisfactory fixation

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27
Q

The osmolality of fixation must be in what form?

A

Isotonic

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28
Q

Effect of Hypotonic

A

Swellin

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29
Q

Effect of Hypertonic

A

Shrinkage

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30
Q

Concentration used in Fixation

A

10% Formalin

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31
Q

Ideal time for fixation

A

20-30 mins.

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32
Q

Why does the ideal time is 20-30 mins?

A

Because it is followed by interruption of blood supply

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33
Q

Volume for fixation should be

A

20x the volume of the specimens

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34
Q

Effects of Fixatives

A

Harden soft and friable tissue
Make cells resistant to damage and distortion
Inhibit bacterial decomposition
Increase optical differentiation of cells
Acts as mordants or accentuations to hasten staining
Reduce the risk of infections

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35
Q

Characteristics of a Good Fixative

A

Cheap
Stable
Safe to handle
Kill the cell quickly
Inhibit bacterial decomposition and autolysis
Produce minimal shrinkage of tissue
Permit rapid and even penetration of tissues
Harden tissues for cutting
Isotonic
Make cellular components insoluble to hypotonic solutions
Permit the subsequent application of many staining procedures

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36
Q

Gas produce by oxidation of methyl alcohol

A

Formaldehyde

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37
Q

Best fixative for nerve tissue

A

Formaldehyde

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38
Q

Powerful reducing agent

A

Formaldehyde

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39
Q

40% by weight of Formaldehyde

A

Stock solution; tends to harden

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40
Q

10% solution of formaldehyde

A

Working solution; forms pigment

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41
Q

What are the pigments formed in 10% solution of formaldehyde

A

ParaFormaldehyde and formic

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42
Q

Removal of Formalin Pigments

A

Kardasewitsch’s Method
Lillie’s method
Picric Acid Method

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43
Q

Components of Picric Acid Method

A

Saturated picric acid

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44
Q

Components of Kardasewitsch’s method

A

70% ethylalcohol and 28% ammonia h2o

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45
Q

Components of Lillie’s Method

A

Hydrogen, acetone, peroxide, and 28% ammonia H20

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46
Q

Preserves cellular and plasma protein better

A

Glutaraldehyde

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47
Q

2.5 % solution of Glutaraldehyde is for?

A

Small fragment and small needle biopsies fix for 2-4 hrs at room temp.

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48
Q

4% solution of Glutaraldehyde is for?

A

Large tissue not exceeding than 4 mm thickness and fix at 12-24 hrs at room temp

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49
Q

For thin and ultrathin sections for plastic embedding

A

Paraformaldehyde

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50
Q

White powder; used as 4% at 4 degree C

A

Paraformaldehyde

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51
Q

For excellent routine paraffin section

A

Paraformaldehyde

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52
Q

For CNS tissues

A

10% formol saline

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53
Q

Best general tissue fixative

A

10% Buffered Neutral Saline

54
Q

Most common metallic fixatives

A

Mercuric choloride

55
Q

Recommended for renal, fibrin and CT

A

Mercuric Chloride

56
Q

Used 1-2% aqueous solution

A

Chromate fixatives

57
Q

Strong oxidzing agent

A

Chromate fixatives

58
Q

What are the oxidzing agents used in Chromate fixative?

A

Chromic Acid
Potassium dichromate
Regaud’s
Orth’s fluid for Ricketssiae

59
Q

Chromate fixative that is used in 4% aqueous solution strong fixative for certain lipids

A

Potassium dichromate

60
Q

Used for acid muccopolysaccharide

A

Lead Fixatives

61
Q

Used in 4% aqueous solution

A

Lead Fixatives

62
Q

Best fixative for glycogen

A

Picric Acid Fixative

63
Q

Used in a strong or saturated solution

A

Picric Acid Fixative

64
Q

Picric acid fixative is chemically known as?

A

2,4,6 trinitrophenol

65
Q

Used at ice-cold temperature

A

Acetic Acid Fixative

66
Q

Fixes and precipitates nucleoprotein

A

Acetic Acid Fixatives

67
Q

Preservation of water diffusible enzymes

A

Acetone

68
Q

Best fixative for fixing brain tissue rabies

A

Acetone

69
Q

Used only in enzyme studies

A

Acetone

70
Q

Used for rapid denaturing and ppt of proteins by destroying hydrogen and other bonds

A

Alcohol fixative

71
Q

Concentration of alcohol fixative is?

A

70-100%

72
Q

Why does the concentration of alcohol fixative must be 70-100%?

A

Because lesser concentration lyse the cells.

73
Q

Commonly known as osmic acid; pale yellow

A

Osmium Tetroxide Fixatives

74
Q

Produces excellent nuclear staining

A

Osmium Tetroxide Fixative

75
Q

Recommended for materials from the nervous system and general post mortem materials

A

10% Formol Saline

76
Q

Fixation time for 10% Formol Saline

A

12-24 hrs.

77
Q

Preservation of post mortem surgical research specimen

A

10% Buffered Formalin

78
Q

Fixation time for 10% Buffered Formalin

A

24 hrs and more

79
Q

Post mortem materials

A

Formol Saline Sublimate

80
Q

Fixation time for Formol Saline Sublimate

A

3-24 hrs.

81
Q

For routine post mortem materials

A

Formol Sublimate

82
Q

Fixation time for Formol Sublimate

A

3-24 hrs

83
Q

Fixative for liver and connective tissue fiber

A

Zenker’s solution

84
Q

Fixation time for Zenker’s solutions

A

3-24 hrs.

85
Q

Pituitary tissue and bone marrow tissue

A

Zenker’s Formol

86
Q

Zenker’s Formol is also known as?

A

Helly’s fluid

87
Q

Fixation time for Helly’s fluid

A

12-24 hrs.

88
Q

Fixative for embryos

A

Bouin’s Solution

89
Q

Fixation time for Bouin’s Solution

A

6-24 hrs.

90
Q

Power of sorting; glycogen

A

Brasil’s

91
Q

Specific for chromosome

A

Flemming’s Fluid without acetic acid

92
Q

Nuclear structure

A

Flemming’s Fluid with acetic acid

93
Q

Fixation time for Flemming’s Fluid with Acetic Acid

A

24-28 hrs.

94
Q

Recommended for chromosomes, lymph nodes and urgent studies of glycogen

A

Carnoy’s Fluid

95
Q

Fixation time for Carnoy’s Fluid

A

1/3-3 hrs.

96
Q

Recommended for Mucopolysaccharides, nuclear protein and chromosome

A

Newcomer’s Fluid

97
Q

Newcomer’s Fluid fixation time isv

A

2-3 hours.

98
Q

It contains Glacial Acetic Acid

A

Nuclear Fixative

99
Q

Does not contain glacial acetic acid

A

Cytoplasmic Fixative

100
Q

pH for Nuclear Fixatimve

A

4.6 or less

101
Q

pH used in Cytoplasmic Fixative

A

Greater than 4.6

102
Q

Preserve fats

A

Flemming’s Fluid with no acetic acid

103
Q

Fixation time for Flemming’s Fluid with no acetic acid

A

26-48 hrs

104
Q

For mitochondria, gogli elements and fats

A

Champy’a Fluid

105
Q

For mitochondria and yolk

A

Regaulds

106
Q

Myolin Fibers, Rickettsia and other bacteria

Study of early degenerative process and tissue necrosis

A

Orth’s Fluid

107
Q

Cytoplasmic

A

Zenker’s Formol

108
Q

Removal of Ca ions/ lime salts

A

Decalcification

109
Q

Ideal time for decalcification

A

24-28 hrs

110
Q

Ratio of fluid to tissue

A

20:1

111
Q

Types of decalcification

A

Acid Method
Chelating Agents
Ion Exchange Resin
Electrolytic Method

112
Q

Most commonly used method in decalcification

A

Acid Method

113
Q

Most common decalcifying agent

A

Nitric Acid

114
Q

Combination of chromic acid, nitric acid and ethyl alcohol

A

Parenyi’s

115
Q

Most rapid decalcifying agent

A

Phloroglucin-Nitric Acid

116
Q

Nitric Acid and Formalin

A

Formol nitric

117
Q

Best general decalcifying agent

A

Formic Acid

118
Q

For urgent biopsies

A

HCl

119
Q

Small spicule of delicate tissues

A

TCA

120
Q

Small bone

A

Chromic Acid

121
Q

Facilitate removal of calcium salts

A

Chelating agents

122
Q

Rapid commercial Chelating agents

A

Cal-Ex

123
Q

Combines with calcium and forms soluble non-ionized complexes

A

EDTA

124
Q

Common name of EDTA

A

Versene

125
Q

Decalcification may be carried out in a short period however the degree cannot be measured by chemical means

A

Ion-Exchange Resins

126
Q

Most rapid method

A

Electrophoresis

127
Q

Carried out by bending the tissue or pricking the tissue with the needle to determine the consistency

A

Physical/Mechanical method

128
Q

Most reliable but expensice

A

X-ray method

129
Q

X-ray method is not applicable for tissue that has been fixed using whay?

A

Mercuric Chloride

130
Q

Chemical method is carried out by transferring how many mL of decalcifying agent into the tube?

A

5 mL

131
Q

Histopath Reports

A

Surgical Pathology
Cytopathogy
Autotopys report

Histopathology (1 decks)

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