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MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY > PRELIM: INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY > Flashcards

PRELIM: INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Mykos

A

fungus

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2
Q

Logus

A

study

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3
Q

Study of fungi

A

Mycology

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4
Q

Branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their biochemical, physical and microscopic properties, their use to humans and as well as the human diseases they can cause, such as toxin production or infection

A

Mycology

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5
Q

is the study of fungi that produce pathology or disease in humans and animals including their ecology and epidemiology

A

MEDICAL MYCOLOGY

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6
Q

is the study of the general characteristics, pathology & pathogenesis, and laboratory tests & methods of medically important fungi that aids in their identification and treatment

A

DIAGNOSTIC MYCOLOGY

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7
Q

Fungi – exist in two forms:

A
  • Molds
  • Yeasts
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8
Q

Fungi can exist as in mold form only or yeast
form only or having both forms. T OR F

A

T

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9
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Fungi

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10
Q

With membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, 60s-40s ribosomal subunits, etc.

A

Fungi

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11
Q

Fungi

Contains chitin in their cell walls:

A
  1. Peptidoglycan for bacteria
  2. Cellulose for plants
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11
Q

Contains chitin in their cell walls

A

Fungi

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12
Q

Can be single-celled (yeast) or multicellular (mold )

A

Fungi

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13
Q

Can reproduce sexually or asexually (produce spores)

A

Fungi

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14
Q

the characteristic of fungi that differ it from plants (autotrophs); heterotrophs depend on other organisms as their source of nutrients.

A

Heterotrophs

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15
Q

HETEROTROPHIC ORGANISM CAN BE:

A
  1. Saprophytic
  2. Symbiotic
  3. Parasitic
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16
Q

feeds on dead organic material (ex: mushrooms growing on dead trees)

A

Saprophytic

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17
Q

fungi living in another organism and causes harm to the latter.

A

Parasitic

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18
Q

Fungi that are responsible for breaking down and recycling dead plant and animal materials

A

SAPHROPHYTIC FUNGI

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19
Q

fungi is living together with other organisms and establishes mutualism; will not particularly cause disease or any harm

A

Symbiotic

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20
Q

Example: Mushroom growing on dead trees/animal bodies

A

SAPHROPHYTIC FUNGI

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21
Q

SYMBIOTIC FUNGI:

A

MYCORRHIZA

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22
Q

Mycorrhizae fungi germinates in soil.

A

SYMBIOTIC FUNGI: MYCORRHIZA

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23
Q

Its hyphae penetrate the roots of the plant.

A

SYMBIOTIC FUNGI: MYCORRHIZA

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24
Q

The plant roots provide essential nutrients for the growth of the fungi.

A

SYMBIOTIC FUNGI: MYCORRHIZA

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25
Q

In return, the large mass of fungal hyphae acts as a virtual root system for the plants,
ncreasing the amount of water and nutrients that the plant may obtain from the surrounding soil.

A

SYMBIOTIC FUNGI: MYCORRHIZA

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26
Q
  • depends on environment
  • can be yeast or mold
A

DIMORPHIC FUNGI

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27
Q

*

only ____ spp. generally recognized as causes of disease in humans

A

100-150 spp.

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28
Q

accidental hosts by spores inhalation or introduction via trauma

A

humans

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29
Q

healthy humans are relatively resistant to infection of fungi except for dimorphic fungi. T OR F

A

T

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30
Q

no cellulose (has hypae/roots)

A

fungi

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31
Q

has cellulose

A

plants

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32
Q

*

Fungi that attack living organisms,penetrate their outer defenses, invade them. And obtain nourishment from living cytoplasm, thereby
causing disease and so metimes death of the host.

A

PARASITIC FUNGI

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33
Q

________infiltrating their bodies and minds Cordyceps spore can manipulate the Bullet ant then erupts from the ant’s head

A

Bullet Ants with spores from (parasitic fungus)

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34
Q

*

2 FORMS OF FUNGi:

A
  • yeast
  • mold
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35
Q

UNICELLULAR Grow at body temperature (37 C)

A

YEAST

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36
Q

Moist, creamy, opaque, pasty colonies

A

YEAST

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37
Q

MULTICELLULAR Grow best at room temperature (22-25 C)

A

MOLD

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38
Q

Fluffy, cotonny, woolly, powdery
colonies

A

MOLD

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39
Q

Unicellular

A

YEAST

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40
Q

Oval, Spherical

A

YEAST

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41
Q

Oval, Spherical

A

YEAST

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42
Q

Parasitic

A

YEAST

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43
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

YEAST

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44
Q

Multicellular

A

MOLD

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45
Q

Filamentous

A

MOLD

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46
Q

Room Temp

A

MOLD

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47
Q

Saphrophytic

A

MOLD

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48
Q

Aerobic

A

MOLD

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49
Q

multicellular with tubualr, filamentous hyphae (branches)

A

MOLD

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50
Q

any organic environment having a moist/humid atmosphere and not exposed to harsh weather conditions

A

MOLD

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51
Q

production of sexual or axesual, airborne spores

A

MOLD

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52
Q

threadlike, come in a wide variety of colors and hues

A

MOLD

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53
Q

mostly unicellular and existing individually or with buds growing on them

A

YEAST

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54
Q

mostly occur naturally in oceans

A

YEAST

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55
Q

budding or binary fission

A

YEAST

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56
Q

round or oval-shaped, dull colored and mostly monochromatic

A

YEAST

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57
Q

Unicellular circular, spherical or oval-shaped forms of fungi

A

YEAST

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58
Q

*

Colonies are moist, pasty, creamy and opaque

A

YEAST

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59
Q

Yeasts are less colorful compared to molds, some yeast colonies can be pigmented

A

YEAST

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60
Q

May be mistaken as bacterial colonies

A

YEAST

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61
Q

Yeast colonies should be biochemically
differentiated from bacterial colonies

A

YEAST

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62
Q

YEAST

Optimum temperature:

A

near body temperature
(37 C)

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63
Q

Parasitic

A

YEAST

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64
Q

form of fungi that can develop
disease in human

A

Parasitic

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65
Q

Appears to be “multicellular” but just undergoing process of Budding.

A

BUDDING

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66
Q

Most of the clinical specimen processed in
the laboratory are in YEAST form. T OR F

A

T

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67
Q

Multicellular

A

MOLDS

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68
Q

Mold Colonies appearing to be Filamentous or Cotton

A

MOLDS

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69
Q

Branching form

A

MOLDS

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70
Q

“Hyphae”

A

Branches

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71
Q

MOLDS

Optimum temperature for growth:

A

Room temperature (35- 37 C)

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72
Q

Saprophytic

A

MOLDS

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73
Q

called such because they can survive outside the human body; can rely on dead plants/animals as source of nutrients

A

Saprophytic

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74
Q

Ability that fungi can exist in the form of both mold and yeast.

A

DIMORPHISM

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75
Q

This is usually brought about by change in temperature

A

DIMORPHISM

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76
Q

EXAMPLE OF DIMORPHISM

A

Histoplasma
Blastomyces
Coccidioides (not thermally dimorphic)
Paracoccidiodes
Sporothrix (Subcutaneous)
Penicillium

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77
Q
A

SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKI

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78
Q

Acquired via: accidental pricking of the skin by the rose thorn

A

SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKI

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79
Q

Skin nodule ( subcutaneous tissue) bipsy will demonstrate yeast cell

A

SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKI

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80
Q

optimum temperature of growth for saprophytes (mold) is ____ and _______ for parasite fungi (yeast)

A

20-30 C; 30-37 C

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81
Q

The standard temperature for incubation of fungi is ____ and cultures should be incubated in a humidified environment for ____. While Bacterial cultures require incubation temperature of _____

A

30ºC
21 days
37 degree Celsius

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82
Q

grow best at pH of 4-6; average of 5.0

A

Fungi

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83
Q

are more resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria

A

Fungi

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84
Q

requires less nitrogen and moisture than bacteria

A

Fungi

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85
Q

can be aerobic or anaerobic

A

Fungi

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86
Q

are capable of metabolizing complex carbohydrates such as lignin in wood.

A

Fungi

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87
Q

*

what percent is lignin in woods?

A

15-25%

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88
Q

are aerobic

A

Molds

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89
Q

are facultative anaerobes

A

Yeasts

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90
Q

*

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF FUNGI

A
  1. ALLERGY
  2. MYCOSES
  3. MYCOTOXICOSES
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91
Q

Spores are potent triggers of allergic reactions

A

ALLERGY

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92
Q

Mold spores get into your nose and can cause allergy symptoms.

A

ALLERGY

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93
Q

Mold form of a fungi with asexual spores at the tip released on the air new fungi.

A

ALLERGY

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94
Q
  • Some spores of molds can trigger allergic reactions (Allergic rhinitis or asthma attacks)
A

ALLERGY

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95
Q

a direct fungal infection of animals, including humans

A

MYCOSES

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96
Q

Fungi causing infection in any parts of the body.

A

MYCOSES

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97
Q

Fungi directing one specific tissue, location or organ in the body.

A

MYCOSES

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98
Q

Disease cause by the natural toxin produced by fungi

A

MYCOTOXICOSES

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99
Q

*

No presence of fungi in the affected tissue or organ. What causes the disease is the toxin
produced by the fungi.

A

MYCOTOXICOSES

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100
Q

EXAMPLE OF MYCOTOXICOSES

A

Aspergillus flavus

101
Q

can produce aflatoxin that can cause hepatocellular carcinoma (seen in both children and adults)

A

Aspergillus flavus

102
Q

Aflatoxin, once ingested in large amount, causes in children:

A

o Neurological problem
o Stunted growth

103
Q

*

BENEFICAIL EFFECTS OF FUNGI

A
  1. PREPARATION OF BREAD
  2. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
  3. PREPARATION OF VACCINE
  4. SOURCES OF DRUGS
  5. FOOD
  6. RECYCLING OF ORGANISC MATTER
  7. MAINTAIN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
104
Q

Yeast cells are used in preparation of bread

A

PREPARATION OF BREAD

105
Q

Bread = sugar + gluten + yeast cells + water

A

PREPARATION OF BREAD

106
Q

*

Gluten forms the framework of bread

A

PREPARATION OF BREAD

107
Q

Yeast converts the sugar into carbon dioxide

A

PREPARATION OF BREAD

108
Q

Yeast cells are used in induce alcoholic fermentation in grape juice/ barley grain to produce wine and beer; respectively

A

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

109
Q

“Say YEAST to beer and wine”

A

very true

110
Q

Human hepatitis B virus vaccine is prepared using antigen produced by recombinant technology in yeast (Saccharomyces)

A

PREPARATION OF VACCINE

111
Q

Get the DNA that encodes for the surface antigen incorporate the viral DNA to the yeast cells Yeast cell will now have the capacity to produce the surface antigen. Yeast cell produce ßßby budding Extract as Vaccine

A

RECOMBINANT TECHNOLOGY

112
Q

Penicillin sources:

A

Penicillium notatum

113
Q

*

used against gram+ bacteria. clinically it aginst pneumonia, rheumatic fever, tonsillites, tetanus, diptheria and many other diseases

A

penicillin

114
Q

griseofulvin sources:

A

Penicillium griseofulvum

115
Q

used against mycosis

A

griseofulvin

116
Q

cephalosporin sources:

A

Cephalosporium acremonium (a marine fungus)

117
Q

used against gram+ and gram- bacteria; typhoid

A

cephalosporin

118
Q

who discoverd Penicillin?

A

Alexander Flemming

119
Q

Higher fungi may be eaten directly as mushrooms

A

FOOD

120
Q

Saprophytic fungi in soil produce degradative
enzymes essential for the biologic recycling of organic matter

A

RECYCLING OF ORGANISC MATTER

121
Q

Parasitic fungi can also help regulate the number of other species to maintain ecological balance

A

MAINTAIN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE

122
Q

Primarily a saphrophytic fungi but if the environment where it is living is low in
NITROGEN = transform into parasitic fungi

A

Arthrobotrys conoides

123
Q

using hyphae to form loops that are motion-sensitive. Whenever a nematode passes thru the loops will constrict trapping the nematode and then produce enzymes that will eventually invade the surface of the nematode and kill and digest it.

A

Arthrobotrys conoides

124
Q

Unicellular form of fungi

A

YEAST

125
Q

Spherical or elliptical in shape

A

YEAST

126
Q

YEAST Reproduces by:

A
  1. Budding – most common
  2. Binary fission
  3. Formation of pseudohyphae
127
Q

Parent yeast cell dividing equally.

A

BINARY FISSION

128
Q

-Daughter cell (Blastosphore or Blastoconidia) is smaller than parent yeast cell.

A

BUDDING

129
Q

-Most common way of reproduction among yeast cell.

A

BUDDING

130
Q

Asymmetric division of yeast cells

A

BUDDING

131
Q

A new yeast cell (blastospore) is formed through mitotic cell division and remains attached as a bud on the old cell until it splits and becomes independent.

A

BUDDING

132
Q

*

A yeast cell duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA.

A

BINARY FISSION

133
Q

“ FALSE HYPHAE “

A

PSEUDOHYPAHE

134
Q

Buds fail to detach producing elongated yeast cells

A

PSEUDOHYPAHE

135
Q
  • found yeast
  • always arise from a constricted area
A

pseudohyphae

136
Q
  • root-like structures found in molds
  • elongated structure arising form a non-constricted area
A

hyphae

137
Q

Consist of branching cylindrical tubules with diameter called hyphae

A

MOLD

138
Q

Hyphae grow to form a filamentous mass of
intertwining strands called a mycelium

A

MOLD

139
Q

MOLD COLONIES 2 PORTIONS:

A
  • reproductive/aerial hyphae
  • vegetative portion
140
Q

grow on the top of the agar’s surface of the culture media

A

reproductive/aerial hyphae

141
Q

contains the reproductive structures such as spores

A

reproductive/aerial hyphae

142
Q

portion of the mycelium that anchors the mold and absorbs nutrients

A

vegetative portion

143
Q

grows in or on a substrate and absorbs water

A

vegetative portion

144
Q

another name of vegetative portion

A

thallus

145
Q

1.

can be septate or nonseptate.

A

HYPHAE

146
Q

have dividers between the cells, called septa (singular septum).

A

SEPTATE

147
Q

*

The septa have openings called pores between the cells, to allow the flow of cytoplasm and nutrients throughout the mycelium.

A

SEPTATE

148
Q

Its septate and not septated.

A

SEPTATE

149
Q

Nonseptate or Coenocytic hyphae

A

NONSEPTATE

150
Q
  • lack septum and cell membranes between the cells.
A

NONSEPTATE

151
Q

Septa can be seen in branching points

A

NONSEPTATE

152
Q

NONSEPTATE EXAMPLE

A

Zygomycetes:
Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia

153
Q

Nonseptated Hyphae:

A

Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia

154
Q

no rhizoids

A

Mucor

155
Q

Nodal rhizoids

A

Rhizopus

156
Q

Internodal

A

Absidia

157
Q

root-like structures attached to the
nonseptated hyphae.

A

Rhizoids

158
Q

Long stalk arising from nonseptated hyphae

A

Sporangiophore

159
Q

dilated part of sporangiophore; serve as source of nutrients of the spores

A

Columella

160
Q

sack that contains the spores

A

Sporangium

161
Q

spores produced within a sack

A

Sporangiospore

162
Q

Hyaline if fungal structures are colorless

A

HYPHAE

163
Q

Highly refractile

A

HYPHAE

164
Q

are group of fungi that produce melanin in their cell walls, giving them a characteristic brown colour when grown on agar

A

Dematiaceous

165
Q

Agents causing Chromoblastomycosis

A

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI

165
Q

Group of fungi with dark colonies and pigmented fungal elements

A

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI

166
Q

DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI

Curvularia

A

Curvularia
Alternaria
Phialophora
Exophiala

167
Q

*

An extracellular layer which lies outside the cell wall and it is usually composed of polysaccharides.

A

CAPSULE

168
Q

It protects the cell from different environmental dangers such as phagocytosis, desiccation and harmful chemicals

A

CAPSULE

169
Q

Capsule of ________ has antiphagocytic properties and is associated with virulence.

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

170
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans can cause ________ among immunocompromised patients

A

Fungal meningitis

171
Q

Boundary of the cell (innermost outermost layer):

A

cell membrane > cell wall > Capsule

172
Q

Most common cause of Fungal meningitis:

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

173
Q

Abundant in: eucalyptus tree and pigeon droppings

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

174
Q

Immunocompromised patient not be able to eliminate the spores

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

175
Q

Used to identify the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans

A

INDIA INK STAINING / INDIA INK WET MOUNT

176
Q

is directly examined by adding one drop of India ink.

A

CSF

177
Q

Capsule appear as a _______ against a dark background (negative staining). in india ink

A

clear halo

178
Q

CSF centrifuged to let capsule to form sediment to be stained:

A

sediment

179
Q

to stain everything in the slide except the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans (+:white halo against black background)

A

India ink

180
Q

White Capsule against a black background

A

Negative Staining

181
Q

Used for: isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans (brown or dark brown color)

A

BIRD SEED AGAR

182
Q

Candida albicans color:

A

colorless

183
Q

The cell wall is a characteristic structure of fungi and is composed mainly of glucans, chitin and mannan.

A

CELL WALL

184
Q

As the components of the fungal cell wall are not present in humans, this structure is an excellent target for antifungal therapy

A

CELL WALL

185
Q

CELL WALL COMPOSED OF:

A
  1. Chitin
  2. Glucans
  3. Mannan
186
Q

forms the cross-linking

A

Glucans

187
Q

topmost

A

Mannan

188
Q

MOLDS FUNGAL CELL WALL MAJOR COMPONENT:

A

Chitin
(polymers of N- acetylglucosamine)

189
Q

YEAST FUNGAL CELL WALL MAJOR COMPONENT

A

Glucan (polymers of glucose)

190
Q

Human Cell Membrane: main sterol is

A

Cholesterol

191
Q

provides stability and flexibility to cell membrane

A

Fungi: Ergosterol

192
Q

*

Bilayered membrane composed of several phospholipids

A

CELL MEMBRANE

193
Q

Contain sterols which are essential for the viability of fungi

A

CELL MEMBRANE

194
Q

Nuclei, mitochondria, ER, storage vacuoles containing hydrolytic enzymes, ions, metabolites such as amino acids

A

CELL MEMBRANE

195
Q

Principal fungal sterol is

A

ergosterol

196
Q

fungal cell wall is poorly stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin. T OR F?

A

T

197
Q

LABORATORY IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGI

A

 Microscopic Methods (recommended)
 Cultivation (recommended)
 Biochemical tests
 Serologic Test

198
Q

quick & simple method to visualize budding yeasts, hyphae, & pseudohyphae. Lack of contrast is a major disadvantage making it difficult to appreciate fungal elements microscopically.

A

Saline Mount

198
Q

MICROSCOPIC METHODS WET MOUNT:

A
  1. saline mount
  2. potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount
  3. calcoflour white stain
  4. lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB)
  5. giemsa or wright stain
  6. periodic acid-schiff (PAS)
  7. methenamine-silver nitrate stain
199
Q

rapid & simple technique

A

Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Mount

200
Q

KOH acts as clearing agent:

A

o Dissolves keratin
o Eliminates debris o Dissolves fat droplets (may appear as yeast cells)

201
Q

is used for nails (highly keratinized tissue)

A

20% KOH

202
Q

*

Although ca also result to poor contract like saline mount. Used to visualize budding yeasts, hyphae, & spherules.

A

Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Mount

203
Q

Can also be used to examine hair to determine whether hair is infected within the shaft (ENDOTHRIX INFECTION) or hair is infected outside the hair shaft (ECTOTHRIX INFECTION)

A

Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Mount

204
Q

used as a brightening agent since calcoflour white BINDS to CHITIN in the fungal cell wall which provides excellent contrast over a dark background when visualized using a
fluorescent microscope.

A

Calcoflour White Stain

205
Q

used to vIsualize fungal structure by staining chitin in the fungal cell wall color BLUE.

A

Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB)

206
Q

Also useful in staining tease preparation (wet mount) or slide cultures

A

Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB)

207
Q

*

kills other organisms (bacteria)

A

Phenol

208
Q

preserves fungal elements

A

Lactic Acid

209
Q

stains the chitin in the fungal cell wall blue.

A

Cotton Blue

210
Q

Advantages:
- Structures are readily seen microscopically
- Has GLYCERINE component – slows down The drying of the LPCB

A

Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB)

211
Q

used to visualize intracellular Histoplasma
capsulatum in blood smears, lymph nodes, lung, liver, or bone marrow. The organism appears as small, oval yeast cell staining light to dark blue.

A

Giemsa or Wright Stain

212
Q

also stains well using this method (GIEMSA STAIN) result to “ SUNBURST APPEARANCE”

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

213
Q

Giemsa or Wright Stain:

demonstrates budding while bacteria equal circle

A

Candida albicans

214
Q

used to stain the hypha of moulds and some yeasts. Periodic Acid oxidizes the OHin the cell wall CHO to form aldehydes which reacts with the basic fuchsin dye to form a pink-purple complex. A counterstain (fast green) can be used to provide Contrast

A

Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)

215
Q

useful for screening of clinical specimens for presence of fungal elements which stains black. Fungi appear outlined in black against a pale-black ground.

A

Methenamine-Silver Nitrate Stain

215
Q

is a modification of this method used for histological examination of specimens

A

GOMORI METHENAMINE-SILVER NITRATE STAIN

215
Q

● Wood’s lamp (UV light)
● Emits wavelength 320–450 nm (peak 365 nm)
● The light is held over an area of skin in
darkened room.
● Infected hair and skin will fluoresce when examined in the dark

A

FLUORESCENCE TEST

215
Q

Culture media must include sources of:

A
  1. Nitrogen
  2. Nitrate
  3. Amino acids
  4. Carbon
  5. Vitamins and minerals
216
Q

Has a low pH which can inhibit growth of bacteria

A

SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR

216
Q

PRIMARY ISOLATION MEDIA:

A
  1. sabouraud dextrose agar
  2. brain heart infusion media
  3. mycosel - SDA-CC
216
Q

Used for isolation of most fungi

A

SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR

217
Q

*

Disadvantages
~ May not allow yeast phase of the fungi to grow
~ Too many fungi (including saprophytes) can grow on the agar
~ Histopasma capsulatum fails to grow in this medium

A

SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR

218
Q

Recommended for the culture of yeast phase of dimorphic fungi at 35-37 degree Celsius

A

BRAIN HEART INFUSION MEDIA

219
Q

Made from pig heart and calf brain

A

BRAIN HEART INFUSION MEDIA

220
Q

Antimicrobial supplements

A

MYCOSEL - SDA-CC

221
Q

inhibit contaminating saprophytic fungi

A

Cycloheximide

222
Q

inhibit gram bacterial growth

A

Chloramphenicol

223
Q

Chloramphenicol can be substituted with Gentamicin or Tetracycline

A

MYCOSEL - SDA-CC

224
Q

DIFFERENTIAL/ SPECIAL ISOLATION MEDIA:

A
  1. potato dextrose agar (PDA)
  2. corn meal tween 80 agar (CMT 80)
  3. dermatophyte test medium (DTM)
  4. christensen urea slant
225
Q

used as a subculture medium rather than a primary isolation medium. This medium enhances the sporulation & pigmentation of fungi

A

Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)

226
Q

used for the demonstration of blastoconidia, pseudohyphae, arthroconidia, and chlamydospores in Candida spp. and some other yeasts

A

Corn Meal Tween 80 Agar (CMT 80)

227
Q

used for the selective growth of dermatophytes. This medium will turn from yellow to red within 14 days incubation at room temperature if dermatphytes are growing. It should be checked once every week

A

Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM)

228
Q

used to detect urease production by turning the slant to pinkish purple color after 48 hours
incubation.

A

Christensen UREA Slant

229
Q

Christensen UREA Slant

UREASE POSITIVE (+):

A

Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, & Cryptococcus

230
Q

Christensen UREA Slant

UREASE NRGATIVE (-):

A

Geotrichum, Saccharomyces, & most Candida spp

231
Q

IMPORTANT BIOCHEMICAL TEST FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF YEAST & YEAST LIKE ORGANISM

A
  1. Carbohydrate (CHO) Fermentation
  2. Carbohydrate (CHO) Assimilation
  3. Nitrogen Assimilation
  4. Germ Tube Test (Reynold’s Brande Phenomena)
232
Q

Principle: growth and utilization of CHO
under anaerobic conditions as determined by
acid & gas production

A

Carbohydrate (CHO) Fermentation

233
Q

Carbohydrate (CHO) Fermentation

Indicator:

A

Bromcresol Purple (BCP)

234
Q

Carbohydrate (CHO) Fermentation

Positive Reaction:

A

Yellow Color for Acid production and bubbles trapped in the fermentation tube for gas production

235
Q

NOTE: Observe every 48 hours for 14 days

A

Carbohydrate (CHO) Fermentation

236
Q

Principle: the yeast ‘s ability to utilize a particular CHO is determined by using a CHO-free (nitrogen-based) agar and filter paper disks that are impregnated with various CHO. Growth around the disk indicates the yeast can utilize the CHO

A

Carbohydrate (CHO) Assimilation

237
Q

Carbohydrate (CHO) Assimilation

Positive Reaction:

A

growth around the disk indicates the CHO has been assimilated by the yeast

238
Q

NOTE: Incubate plate for 24 hours at 300C. Plates should be re-incubated for another 24 hours and read again if the growth is insufficient.

A

Carbohydrate (CHO) Assimilation

239
Q

Principle: Nitrate assimilation is defined simple as the utilization of a nitrogen source by a microorganism in the presence of oxygen. A positive reaction is indicated by the presence of growth or the use of a pH indicator in medium. The indicator method is a modification of the Wickerham method that was devised by Adams and Cooper

A

Nitrogen Assimilation

240
Q

Nitrogen Assimilation

Indicator:

A

Bromthymol Blue (BTB)

241
Q

Nitrogen Assimilation

Positive Reaction:

A

Green to Blue Slant due to alkaline pH when nitrate is assimilated.

242
Q

NOTE: Incubate aerobically with loosen caps at 35-370C for 24-72 hours.

A

Nitrogen Assimilation

243
Q

a screening procedure which is used for the identification and differentiation of Candida albicans from other yeasts.

A

Germ Tube Test (Reynold’s Brande Phenomena)

244
Q

Principle: This test allows the detection of the Germ Tubes which are the initial stage of hyphae formation. These are the short, non septate germinating hyphae which are one half the width and three to four times the length of the yeast from which they originate. Approximately 95-97% of Candida albicans isolate develop germ tube when incubated in a proteinaceous media at 35C for 2.5-3 hour

A

Germ Tube Test (Reynold’s Brande Phenomena)

MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (1 decks)

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