Prelim Exam<3 Flashcards
The study, or investigation of plant structure, function and evolution.
Botany
These are the specialties that developed as
knowledge in Botany. State 4 of them?
These are:
- Morphology
- Physiology
- Systematics
- Genetics
Study of plant form, structure and
development – external appearance
Morphology
Emphasis is upon internal structural development,
this study is called
Anatomy
Study of processes that take place
within a plant.
Physiology
The identification, classification and evolutionary relationship of plants
Systematics
Study of inheritance and variation
Genetics
study of bacteria
Bacteriology
study of algae
Phycology
study of the influences of the environment upon plant communities or upon individual plant
Plant Ecology
Concerned with plant diseases and
their control
Plant Pathology
study of simple non-green plants, the fungi
Mycology
Uses of Plants by Humans:
- Food
- Fiber
- Beverage
- Medicinal
One-seeded fruit of these cereal plants : rice, wheat, and corn.
Grains
principal food for tropical population
Rice (Oryza sativa)
widely distributed crop 2nd only to wheat
in acreage planted throughout the world
Corn (Zea mays)
world’s widely cultivated crop cultivated in all continents except antarctica
Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
A Food plant that produce a fruit which is capsular pod that opens along two sides when ripe. It is also a rich sources of proteins – nitrogen fixing bacteria in the nodules
Legumes
world’s most abundantly grown seed legume in
US and China
Soybean (Glycine soja)
inexpensive source of protein
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Rootcrops
Fleshy storage root, have abundant starch but low in protein.
grows well in tropical lowlands and is one of the world’s most important foods in poor and less developed areas. 30% starch and contain very little protein or fat.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
some are eaten directly and
some are used as livestock feed
Beets (Beta vulgaris)
similar to cassava in nutritional content, grows well also in tropical lowlands.
Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas)
Not a root; it is an enlarged underground stem consisting primarily as storage tissue containing about 25% starch. A stem crops.
Common “Irish potato” (Solanum tuberosum)
plant of humid tropical lowlands. Its sugar-rich juice is pressed out of the cut canes,
evaporated and refined.
Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum)
Frequently excellent sources of vitamin C and adds variety and flavor to the diet.
Fruits
plant of humid tropics when ripe, provides a fairly well-balanced nutrition 22% carbohydrate, some oil, a little protein and a good source of several vitamins
Banana (Musa spp.)
used primarily for oil that is obtained from the dried meat.
Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
A Leaves food plants that form significant part of human diet. As Edible leaves are low in calories but serve as sources of bulk, vitamins and minerals
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
- Any plants consumed by livestock
(grasses and legumes) - In US, chief forage plant is alfalfa
Forages
a legume rich in protein, vitamins and minerals.
Alfafa (Medicago sativa)
Forest trees for which are used in significant amounts for a variety of purposes
Lumber
Use of Lumber
furniture, houses, cabinets, boxes etc..
Use of Firewood
Fuel
Use of Pulp
Making Paper
slender, very elongated, tapered cell with thick walls; although strings like masses or clusters of cells are also termed fibers.
Fiber
most important natural fiber
Cotton
second to cotton in world production
- inexpensive but it is yellowish and difficult to bleach, coarse and not very strong.
- the freed fibers are dried and spun into yarn.
Jute (Corchorus capsularis)
cellulosic fibers, utilize cellulose which is dissolved and then reorganize as filaments that are spun into thread.
Rayon
- Any liquid suitable for drinking
Beverages
tropical evergreen shrub or small tree that thrives best in rain forests
Coffee plant (Coffea arabica)
tropical broad leafed evergreen shrub
- stem tip (terminal bud) and the young first two or three leaves are picked for the best quality tea
Tea (Thea sinensis)
Bark of a tree. The bark is stripped from cut twigs, preferably second-year growth and dried. These are the hollow
tubelike “quills”; fragments
Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
One of the best known medicinal plant. When the petals of this annual plant have fallen, a milky juice is collected by making slight incisions in the mature
fruit. This latex turn brown as it coagulates and dries
Opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum)
Its chief active alkaloid. In its power to relieve pain,
Morphine
A derivative of having similar action with morphine. It is even more dangerous with regards to addiction
Heroin
not recognized as a medicine but has
been used since ancient times as a stimulant.
Marijuana
It is a mixture of complex Alcohols, are obtained from a resinous exudate of the top leaves and flowers of hemp plant (Cannabis sativa).
Marijuana active principles
most important alkaloid of cinchona bark
Quinine
A specific and effective remedy for malaria
(Cinchona spp.)
chief sources of the insecticide
Chrysanthemum
a contact poison for insects and cold
blooded vertebrates but is nontoxic to plants and higher animals
pyrethrum
organic substances produced by
living organisms that, in low concentrations, inhibit the growth or kill other organisms
Antibiotics
Penicillium mold or fung
Penicillin
used in the manufacture of cigarettes.
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
treated latex of (Hervea brasiliensis)
Rubber
a whitish, somewhat viscous, fluid that
exudes from cuts made in the bark.
Latex
The smallest unit that can carry
on all of the processes of life.
Cell
Given credit for developing the 1st mini microscope, looked at pond water and made detailed drawings
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
coined the term “cell” when
he looked at slices of cork
and dead plant cells
Robert Hooke
observed a dark structure near
the center of the cell (we now
know this is the nucleus)
Robert Brown (1833)
stated all plants are made
of cells
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
discovered all animals are
made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)
stated all cells come from the
division of preexisting cells
Rudolph Virchow (1855)
Cell Theory. State the 3 Cell Theory
➢ All living things are composed of cells.
➢ Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things
➢ All cells come from pre-existing cells
Characteristics that all living things share
❖ Consist of organized parts (cells)
❖ Obtain energy from their surroundings
❖ Perform chemical reactions
❖ Change with time (evolution)
❖ Respond to their environments
❖ Reproduce
❖ Maintain constant internal environment
(homeostasis)
❖ Share a common history
- Diversity of
shapes reflects
diversity of
functions - Can be simple
or complex
depending on
its function - Cell shape
evolved to
allow the cell
to perform its
function effective
Relationship between a cell’s shape
and its function
What factor limits the size that most
cells are able to obtain?
- Limited by the
relationship of the cell’s
outer surface area to
its volume - Most cells range
from 10-100µm
Parts of a Plant Cell (12)
- Cell Wall
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- Dictyosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Microbodies
- Plastids
- Cytoskeleton
- Vacuoles
- Nucleus
Only in plants, bacteria and fungi. helps to protect and support the cell and gives rectangular shape to plant cells
Cell Wall
small, undifferentiated, colorless
plastids found in dividing meristematic cells from which all plastids in differentiated cells originate.
Proplastid
colorless organelles with various
functions such as storage as seen in roots, tubers, or seeds.
Leucoplast
photosynthetically inactive plastids
that accumulate when light levels are too
low for chloroplast maturation
Etioplast
leucoplasts that store and synthesize proteins for the plant cells only
Proteinoplast
A type of leucoplast, colorless
plant plastid that forms and stores
starch
Amyloplast
plastids that contain
carotenoids and lack chlorophyll
Chromoplast
are responsible for different
colors like yellow, orange and red
color imparted to fruits, flowers, old
leaves, roots, et
Pigments
A leucoplast that is primarily
involved in storing fats or lipids inside
fat droplets (plastoglobuli) in plants
(particularly in monocots and liverworts)
Elaioplast
plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process
Chloroplast
refers to repeating sequence of events in a eukaryotic cell between one cell division and the next.
Cell cycle
Consist of 4 distinct phases:
G1, S phase, G2 and Mitosis
G1, S phase, G2 phase are collectively known
as
interphase
the shortest of the stages and
composed of 2 tightly-related processes:
karyokinesis and cytokinesis
Mitosis
division of nucleus
Karyokinesis
division of cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
cells are in a state of quiescence, they are temporarily resting or may not divide at all.
GO stage
A type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical
to itself
Mitosis
The Goal of Mitosis
To make sure that each daughter cell gets a
perfect, full set of chromosomes
Phases of Mitosis
PMAT
Chromatin materials become tightlycoiled as it condense, condensed chromosomes appear as 2 sister chromatids united along the centromere. Mitotic spindle in cytoplasm
starts to form. What phase is this?
Prophase
The centromeres of all chromosomes are aligned with one another and are assembled at the equator of the cell. The centromeres of the sister chromatids face the opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibers are very abundant during this stage. This phase is?
Metaphase
Starts when the paired centromeres of each
chromosomes separate. They start to move
away from each other. Each sister chromatids is now considered a full-fledged
chromosome. By the end of this phase, the two poles of the cell now have an equal and complete set of chromosomes
Anaphase
The daughter nuclei start to form at the
two poles of the cell. Karyokinesis is now complete. This is followed by cytokinesis. This is the last part of mitosis
Telophase
The net movement of ions or solute molecules from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower
concentration, down a concentration
gradient
Diffusion
The transition of concentration in diffusion from higher concentration to lower concentration continues to move until?
They are evenly spread
Importance of Diffusion
Oxygen is supplied to Amoeba by diffusion. Diffusion enables metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide to be excreted out.
Diffusion in the human body is necessary for the absorption of digested nutrients, gas exchange, the propagation of nerve impulses, the movement of hormones and other metabolites towards their target organ and for nearly every event in embryonic development.
Factors which Affect the Rate of Diffusion
- Temperature
- SIZE OF PARTICLES
- THICKNESS OF THE BARRIER
- CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
- SURFACE AREA
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, from a high water potential to a low water potential.
Osmosis
(ΨS)
OSMOTIC POTENTIAL.
A MEASURE OF THE POTENTIAL OF WATER
TO MOVE FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER AS
INFLUENCED BY SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS
OSMOTIC POTENTIAL (ΨS)
A state when a cell is firm or turgid due
to water entering the cell, causing it to swell
Turgor
The outward pressure which the cell sap
exerts against the inside wall of the cell
Turgor pressure
It is a Turgor pressure that develops against the cell walls as a result of water entering the vacuole of the cell
PRESSURE POTENTIAL
IS DENOTED BY THE GREEK
LETTER Ψ (PSI) AND IS
EXPRESSED IN UNITS OF
PRESSURE CALLED
MEGAPASCALS (MPA).
WATER POTENTIAL
MEASURE OF THE POTENTIAL
ENERGY IN WATER
WATER POTENTIAL
IMPORTANCE OF TURGOR IN PLANTS
- CHANGES IN TURGOR OF THE GUARD CELL CAUSES THE OPENING OF THE STOMATA
- CHANGES IN TURGOR OF THE PULVINUS (SMALL SWELLING AT THE BASE OF
THE LEAFLETS) CAUSES THE FOLDING OF LEAFLETS IN THE MIMOSA
LOSS OF WATER THROUGH OSMOSIS WHICH IS ACCOMPANIED BY THE SHRINKAGE OF PROTOPLASM AWAY FROM THE CELL WALL
PLASMOLYSIS
FERTILIZER - GOOD OR BAD?
- SOIL SOLUTION BECOMES VERY CONCENTRATED
- WATER MOVES OUT OF ROOT
- PLANT WILL WILT
- SUFFICIENT WATER MUST BE ADDED TO ENSURE PLANT
SURVIVAL
An energy consuming process by which substances are transported from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration against a concentration gradient.
Active Transport
Part of the plant axis that is typically non green and found beneath the surface of
the soil
Root
- Primary function is the absorption of
water and minerals from the soil. - Secondary functions: storage, anchor
Root
Continuation of the plant’s axis
typically found above the soil surface. Involved in the production and support
of leaves
Stem
Functions mainly in conducting water
and minerals from the root to the other
parts of the plant and in conducting
food materials from the leaves to the
rest of the plant
Stem
- An outgrowth of the stem, is usually flat and thin, needle-like, or scale-like.
- It is green or, if it some other color (such as red) the chlorophyll is merely masked by an abundance of accessory pigments
- Its function is closely correlated with the presence of chlorophyll
- Function also as storage of food materials
Leaf
- Those parts of the plant that are
concerned with sexual reproduction
and the production of seeds - In more complex vascular plants,
these are flowers and cones, which
are basically continuation of the
stem with specialized structures
comparable to modified leaves and
branch systems.
Sexual Reproductive Structures
Once the seed has germinated, the growth and development are influence by both
environment and inherited characteristics
depend upon the type of plants
Life Span
grow for one season only, from germination
to producing their seeds and then die ( e.g., beans, some grasses)
Annuals
grow vegetatively during the first season
and do not produce seeds until the second year, after which they die ( e. g., lettuce, carrot, cabbage)
Biennials
grow for several to very many years,
producing a new crop of seeds each year after the first few years (e.g., trees, shrubs
Perennials
Group of cells that perform essentially the same functions and are commonly of similar
structure.They are organized into a functional and structural unit.
Tissues
Tissues are subdivided into
meristematic and permanent types
2 major types of plant
tissues based on origin
- Meristematic or embryonic tissues
- Permanent tissues
In such tissues, cells are actively dividing and new cells are continually being produced. No differentiation yet of cells, one cell being much the same as any other cell of the tissue
Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissues consists of: (3)
- Apical meristems (shoots and roots)
- Lateral meristem (vascular and cork)
- Intercalary meristem
Apical meristems
Consist of cells that are basically isodiametric (i.e., having equal diameters), usually appearing cubical and are located at the tips
of both roots and stems.
Three primary meristems develop
from each apical meristem:
protoderm,
ground meristem,
procambium.
- Meristems that increase the girth or diameter of the plant.
- They are found along the sides of some roots and stems
Lateral Meristem
2 types of Lateral Meristem are usually present in dicot plants
vascular cambium and cork cambium
Located as a thin cylindrical sheath between the bark and the wood.
Vascular Cambium
Vascular Meristem consists of two types of thin-walled, highly vacuolated cells
- fusiform initials - vertically elongated cells with tapering ends
- Ray initials – nearly isodiametric, somewhat horizontally elongated, relatively
small cells
A cambium that develops in many plants
Cork Cambium
A tissue at the base of each leaf
in monocotyledon plants especially
the grasses. The rapid elongation of
such plants as wheat, barley and
grasses is in large part caused by
these meristems
Intercalary Meristems
Short lived meristem tissue that will eventually transformed into permanent tissues
Intercalary Meristems
2 Permanent tissues based on the type
of cells present
- Simple permanent tissues – mostly composed of only one kind of cell.
- these cells are uniform in function and
structure - Complex permanent tissues – composed of several types of cells working together to perform a specific function
