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Theories of Personality > prelim exam > Flashcards

prelim exam Flashcards

1
Q

A theory can be defined as

A. an unverified hypothesis.

B. an educated guess.

C. a group of philosophical speculations concerning the nature of reality.

D. a set of related assumptions that generate testable hypotheses.

A

D

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2
Q

Which statement best reflects the relationship between theory and hypothesis?

A. Theories are narrower than hypotheses.

B. A single theory may generate several hypotheses.

C. Theories flow logically from specific hypotheses.

D. Theories can be proven; hypotheses cannot.

A

B

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3
Q

Adlerian safeguarding tendencies are

A. sometimes conscious and sometimes unconscious.

B. completely conscious.

C. is completely unconscious.

D. used only by neurotics.

A

A

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4
Q
  1. Personality refers mostly to those characteristics that a person projects to the rest of the world. (TRUE/FALSE)
A

FALSE

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5
Q

The terms theory and hypothesis are synonymous. (TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

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6
Q

The ultimate goal of Adlerian therapy is to

A. reduce needless anxiety.

B. increase self-confidence.

C. increase social interest.

D. decrease safeguarding tendencies.

A

C

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7
Q

A completely weaned child goes back to the bottle after a younger sister is born. This return to a more infantile pattern of behavior expresses a

A. reaction formation.

B. fixation.

C. regression.

D. projection.

A

C

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8
Q

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following statements is true about the superego?

A. It is rational.

B. It strives for perfection.

C. It is the executive branch of personality.

D. It strives for pleasure.

A

B

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9
Q

Freud is well known for his development of what theory?

A. Stages of psychosexual development

B. Stages of psychosocial development

C. Archetypes

D. Classical Conditioning

A

A

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10
Q

Wolf Man witnessed his father chopping a snake into pieces as a child. What did Freud believe that this had caused?

A. An Oedipus complex.

B. Castration anxiety.

C. Repressed feelings of resentment towards his father.

D. An Electra complex

A

B

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11
Q

Compared with Freud, Adler

A. had a more positive view of women.

B. placed more emphasis on aggression.

C. relied more on dream interpretation during psychotherapy.

D. was more likely to use hypnosis to treat patients.

A

A

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12
Q

The ‘oral stage’ lasts from birth until approximately what age?

A

1 YEAR

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13
Q

According to Adler, the creative power

A. usually leads to outstanding accomplishments.
B. shapes one’s style of life.
C. is a deterministic concept.
D. is secondary to heredity and environment in shaping personality.

A

B.

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14
Q

According to Freud, what is the function of the “ego”?

A. To boost a person’s self-confidence.
B. To push for the fulfillment of one’s self-interests.
C. To mediate between impulsive drives and the moral conscience.
D. None of the foregoing

A

C

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15
Q

Defense mechanisms protect the ego against

A. feelings of shame.
B. guilt.
C. anxiety.
D. public disgrace.

A

C

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16
Q

According to Adler, human personality is

A. the result of the interaction of heredity and environment.
B. determined by people’s experiences with frustration and conflict.
C. shaped by people’s interpretations of experiences.
D. motivated by complexity and multiplicity of drives and needs.

A

C

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17
Q

Style of life is most reliably revealed by

A. the word association test.
B. hypnosis.
C. dream interpretation.
D. early recollections.

A

D

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18
Q

Early recollection are

A. easily verified by talking to parents or older siblings.
B. keys to understanding one’s present style of life.
C. usually unpleasant and traumatic.
D. the cause of one’s style of life.

A

B

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19
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy is most likely to include this technique.

A. homework assignments
B. free association
C. interpretation of early recollections
D. an active, aggressive therapist

A

B

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20
Q

To Adler, the one dynamic force behind a person’s activity is

A. the striving for success or superiority.
B. organ inferiorities.
C. organ dialect.
D. feelings of superiority.

A

A

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21
Q

With this defense mechanism, a repressed desire finds an opposite and exaggerated expression.

A. fixation
B. reaction formation
C. sublimation
D. projection

A

B

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22
Q

Who would a boy experiencing an Oedipus complex pursue the affection of?

A. Father
B. Mother
C. Grandmother
D. Grandfather

A

B

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23
Q

Individual Psychology can be considered to be

A. deterministic.
B. optimistic
C. pessimistic.
D. neo-Freudian.

A

B

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24
Q
  1. Theories should be viewed as impractical but interesting speculations.
  2. Theory is a broader term than hypothesis.

A. the 1st statement is correct; 2nd statement is wrong.
B. the 2nd statement is correct; 1st statement is wrong.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Both statements are wrong.

A

B

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25
Q

Freud claimed that pleasure-seeking people with no thought of what is reasonable or proper are dominated by the

A. id
B. ego
C. superego
D. ego - ideal

A

A

26
Q

A person’s final goal is ultimately shaped by

A. heredity.
B. early childhood experiences.
C. the superego.
D. the creative power.

A

D

27
Q

Chad has great admiration for his history teacher. He attempts to imitate this teacher’s lifestyle and mannerisms. This is an example of

A. displacement.
B. sublimation.
C. projection.
D. introjection.

A

D.

28
Q

What happens to a memory when it is repressed?

A. It disappears.
B. It remains in the conscious but a person tries not to think about it.
C. It is retained in the unconscious.
D. The memory decays.

A

C

29
Q

True or false? During the latency stage, conflicts tend to be reduced compared to the oral, anal, and phallic stages?

A

TRUE

30
Q

People strive toward superiority through one of two paths. One is the route of social interest; the other is the road of

A. success.
B. individuation.
C. exaggerated personal gain.
D. submission.

A

C. exaggerated personal gain.

31
Q

Psychologists are most likely to agree that

A. three personality traits can explain all human behavior.
B. personality refers mostly to surface appearance.
C. there is a single best definition of personality.
D. none of the above.

A

D. none of the above.

32
Q

A major weakness of Adler’s theory is that it

A. is not easily falsifiable.
B. has failed to generate much research.
C. is anti-Freudian.
D. cannot explain inconsistencies in behavior.

A

A. is not easily falsifiable.

33
Q

A person who is anally expulsive might exhibit what behavior according to Freud?

A. Over-regular use of the bathroom.
B. Messiness and disorganization.
C. Quietness, afraid to socialize.
D. Bold and vulgar manners

A

B. Messiness and disorganization.

34
Q

Pampered children

A. frequently feels neglected.
B. have received too much love.
C. become productive contributions to society.
D. none of these.

A

A. frequently feels neglected.

35
Q

Since early Sigmund Freud’s adolescence, he has a strong desire to

A. live in the United States
B. win fame by making a great discovery
C. treat the poor and destitute of Vienna
D. practice medicine

A

B. win fame by making a great discovery

36
Q

Which term should be most closely associated with the word theory?

A. speculation
B. taxonomy
C. science
D. philosophy

A

C. science

37
Q

What form of evidence did Freud mainly use to support his theories?

A. Experiments
B. Field Studies
C. Case Studies
D. Action Research

A

C. Case Studies

38
Q

To Adler, the core of maladjustment is

A. innate physical deficiencies.
B. lack of social interest.
C. a pampered style of life.
D. a neglected style of life.

A

B. lack of social interest.

39
Q
  1. Taxonomies are dynamic and generate a multitude of hypotheses.
  2. A useful theory should generate multiple hypotheses.

A. the 1st statement is correct; 2nd statement is wrong.
B. the 2nd statement is correct; 1st statement is wrong.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Both statements are wrong.

A

B. the 2nd statement is correct; 1st statement is wrong.

40
Q

A hypothesis is best defined as

A. a classification system.
B. armchair speculation.
C. an unproved theory.
D. an educated guess or prediction.

A

D. an educated guess or prediction.

41
Q

According to Adler, ideas that have no real existence, yet influence individuals as if they really existed, are called

A. fictions.
B. fabrications.
C. hypotheses.
D. postulates.

A

A. fictions.

42
Q

Safeguarding tendencies protect exaggerated feelings of superiority against

A. anxiety.
B. guilt.
C. public disgrace.
D. an uncontrollable id.

A

C. public disgrace.

43
Q

This defense mechanism, unlike the others, usually results in some benefit to society.

A. projection

B. fixation

C. sublimation

D. regression

A

C. sublimation

44
Q

The word personality comes from “persona,” which originally meant

A. theatrical mask.
B. soul
C. the animal side of human nature.
D. that which one truly is.

A

A. theatrical mask.

45
Q

According to Adler, a person’s final goal is

A. set at about age 18.
B. a creation of the creative power.
C. death.
D. shaped by heredity and environment.

A

B. a creation of the creative power.

46
Q
  1. Useful theories are founded on both speculation and scientific evidence.
  2. The word personality comes from the Latin persona, meaning a mask or facade.

A. the 1st statement is correct; 2nd statement is wrong.
B. the 2nd statement is correct; 1st statement is wrong.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Both statements are wrong.

A

C. Both statements are correct.

47
Q

To Freud, the most crucial stage of development is

A. infancy.
B. latency.
C. genital.
D. maturity.

A

A. infancy.

48
Q

A. Philosophy is a broader term than theory.

B. The terms theory and educated guess are used interchangeably by scientists.

A. the 1st statement is correct; 2nd statement is wrong.
B. the 2nd statement is correct; 1st statement is wrong.
C. Both statements are correct.
D. Both statements are wrong.

A

B. the 2nd statement is correct; 1st statement is wrong.

49
Q

Displacement and ‘identifying with the aggressor’ are examples of what?

A. Defense Mechanism
B. Avoidance
C. Repression
D. Isolation

A

A. Defense Mechanism

50
Q

As a child, Adler had an intense rivalry with

A. his mother.
B. his father.
C. an older brother named Sigmund.
D. an older sister named Anna.

A

C. an older brother named Sigmund.

51
Q

Sigmund Freud is widely considered to be the father of _______________.

A. Psychoanalysis
B. Experimental Psychology
C. Behaviorism
D. Gestalt Psychology

A

A. Psychoanalysis

52
Q

A useful theory should

A. serve as a guide to action.
B. organize observations.
C. generate research.
D. all of the above.

A

D. all of the above.

53
Q

A related set of if-then assumptions would constitute a

A. hypothesis.
B. philosophy.
C. theory.
D. scientific experiment.

A

C. theory.

54
Q

Adler believed that organ inferiorities

A. cause superiority personalities.
B. cause inferiority personalities.
C. bestow meaning and purpose on all behavior.
D. stimulate feelings of inferiority.

A

D. stimulate feelings of inferiority.

55
Q

In what order do the following areas of the psyche develop?

A. Ego, Super Ego, Id
B. Id, Super Ego, Ego
C. Id, Ego, Super Ego
D. Super Ego, Ego, Id

A

C. Id, Ego, Super Ego

56
Q

A theory should be open to disconfirmation. This refers to the theory’s ability to

A. be proven.
B. generate research.
C. provide guidelines for the practitioner.
D. be falsified.

A

D. be falsified.

57
Q

According to Freud, which of the following statements is true about unconscious ideas?

A. They influence behavior only when one is aware of them.
B. They have no influence on behavior.
C. They influence behavior even when one is unaware of them.
D. They are learned only after birth.

A

C. They influence behavior even when one is unaware of them.

58
Q

What is the relationship among theory, hypothesis, and observation?

A. Observations are practical tools; theories and hypotheses are impractical.

B. Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter the original theory.

C. Hypotheses generate theories, which then result in observations.

D. Observations generate hypotheses, which in turn generate theories.

A

B. Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter the original theory.

59
Q

Adler insisted that personality is shaped by

A. subjective perceptions.
B. birth-order.
C. early childhood experiences.
D. organ inferiorities.

A

A. subjective perceptions.

60
Q

Freud believed that the id

A. serves the reality principle.
B. serves the moral or idealistic principle.
C. constantly seeks to increase pleasure and reduce tension
D. is the executive branch of personality.

A

C. constantly seeks to increase pleasure and reduce tension

Theories of Personality (1 decks)

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