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Drug Discovery & Development > Prelim Exam > Flashcards

Prelim Exam Flashcards

1
Q

A chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which when administered to a living organism , produces a biological effect.

A

DRUG

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2
Q

This is the process through which potential new medicines are identified

A

DRUG DISCOVERY

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3
Q

It involves wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology.

A

DRUG DISCOVERY

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4
Q

This is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been IDENTIFIED through the process of drug discovery.

A

DRG DEVELOPMENT

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5
Q

Diseases are controlled at the ______ and _______ level.

A

Molecular and Physiological

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6
Q

Process of drug in the body?

A

Molecular interactions»> Cellular and Tissue-level network»>Organ-level network»>Whole body

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7
Q

Drug discovery is a _______ process, which involves identification of a drug chemical therapeutically useful in ______ and ______ of a disease.

A

Multifaceted, Treating and Management

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8
Q

Overview of Drug Discovery and Development

A
  1. Identify disease
  2. Isolate protein involved in disease (2-5 years)
  3. Find a drug effective against disease protein (2-5 years)
  4. Preclinical testing (1-3 years)
  5. Formulation & Scale-up trials
  6. Human clinical trials (2-10 years)
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9
Q

What fields that the process of drug discover which candidate medication are discovered?

A

MEDICINE
BIOTECHNOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY

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10
Q

How many chemical compounds must undergo laboratory screening for each new drug approved for use in humans

A

5,000-10,000

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11
Q

How many will enter preclinical and clinical testing and will be approved and commercialized?

A

-250 will enter preclinical testing
-5 will enter clinical testing
-1 will be approved and commercialized.

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12
Q

(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Herbal dugs and serendipitous discoveries

A

Pre 1919

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13
Q

(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY) Vitamins and vaccines

A

1920’s & 30’s

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14
Q

(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Antibiotic era and R&D boost due to WW2

A

1940’s

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15
Q

(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Rise of biotechnology and use of IT

A

1970’s

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16
Q

(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Breakthrough in Etiology

A

1960’s

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17
Q

(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
New technology and discover of DNA

A

1950’s

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18
Q

(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Commercialized of drug discovery and combinational chemistry

A

1980’s

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19
Q

(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Robotics and automation

A

1990’s

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20
Q

TOP 15 COMPANIES BY R&D EXPENSE

A
  1. Novartis
  2. Merck & Co
  3. Roche
  4. GlaxoSmithKline
  5. Sanofi
  6. Pfizer
  7. Johnson & Johnson
  8. Eli Lilly
  9. AstraZeneca
  10. Takeda
  11. Bayer
  12. Bristol-Myers Squibb
  13. Boerhinger Ingelheim
  14. Amgen
  15. Novo Nordisk
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21
Q

How many years of the process of basic and discovery research?

A

3-6 years

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22
Q

How many years of development of research?

A

6-7 years

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23
Q

How many years in post marketing?

A

0.5-2 years or 0.5-1.5 years

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24
Q

This is an important discipline for the development of new medicines that are extreme importance for the conservation and enhancement of tradition use of natural products.

A

Ethnopharmacology

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25
Q

It focuses on the scientific exploration of biologically active agents that are used in traditional medicines.

A

Ethnopharmacological research

26
Q

It has origins in the ethnopharmacology and ethnoveterinary practice.

A

Natural products

27
Q

It encompasses a range of approaches ranging from the holistic to reductionist.

A

Modern Natural prodcust

28
Q

What the prefix “ethno” means?

A

Meaning was preventive and therapeutic modalities other western medicine.

29
Q

It was concerned with seeking rationale for use of traditional medicine handed down from generation to generation

A

Ethnopharmacology

30
Q

It was strictly related to plant use, ethnobotany.

A

Ethnopharmacology

31
Q

Scientific study of the relationship that exist between the people and plants.

A

Ethnobotany

32
Q

In the word ethnobotany, from the term “ethnology” meaning_______ and “botany” is ______

A

The study of culture and the study of plants

33
Q

How many plant species that is found (inventory) by ______ that is in use for medicinal in various countries?

A

By WHO and 20,000 plants

34
Q

In those 20,000 plant species found, how many are commonly or have been checked for main active chemical compounds?

A

250 plant species

35
Q

How many drugs with known structures that are still extracted from higher plants and used globally in allopathic medicine?

A

119 DRUGS

36
Q

What is the ultimate goal of ethnopharmacology?

A

Identify drug to alleviate human illness via a thorough analysis of plants that is alleged to be useful in human cultures.

37
Q

When was the term ethno pharmacology first used?

A

1967

38
Q

In ___ century isolation of some __________ was a key event in development of modern pharmacy

A

19th &
OPIUM ALKALOIDS

39
Q

How many percentage of estimated 250,000 species of flowering plants still awaiting for scientific investigation?

A

90%

40
Q

The process if DD using Ethnopharmacology stages.

A
  1. Information sources
  2. Scientific investigation
41
Q

Under the stage of SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION includes:

A
  1. Extraction
  2. Test for activity
  3. Chemical examination
42
Q

This is search for biological resources and associated indigenous knowledge.

A

BIOPROSPECTING

43
Q

Bioprospecting is also known as

A

Biodiversity Prospecting

44
Q

Investigation of living things to see how they can be commercially useful to humans.

A

BIOPROSPECTING

45
Q

Investigation of living things to see how they can be commercially useful to humans.

A

BIOPROSPECTING

46
Q

In the concept of bioprospecting;
Extreme environments, provide
habitats for _________
organisms with unique
characteristics developed for survival.

A

“extremophiles”,

47
Q

The_____ and
_____ which enable these
extremophiles to survive in
extreme ____,____,____, etc. and other unique
conditions are sources of great
potential for scientific
advancement and commercial application.

A

Biological processes and Materials.

Temperatures, pressures,
salinity

48
Q

Its an illegal collection of biosamples in the biodiversity ______

A

Answer is Biopiracy and the ____ is “Hot spots”

49
Q

Their using the nature knowledge of indigenous people, without permission of financial gains.

A

Biopiracy

50
Q

How many % does the world’s remaining biodiversity that is concentrated in tropical and sub-tropical regions with developing country?

A

90%

51
Q

Countries with mega diversity?

A

Mexico, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Australia, and the The democratic Republic of Congo

52
Q

Where to start: stage scientific investigation

A

Vision for your medicine

53
Q

What are the value of ethnopharmacological approach?

A

Efficacy and safety
Economic and sociopolitical consideration

54
Q

They are concerned with scientific study disease

A

Biology of Disease

55
Q

One of the foundations of medical science and practice.

A

Biology of Disease

56
Q

Encompasses all aspects of disease, including _____ of the causes and effects of disease, and the ______ disease.

A

KNOWLEDGE & ORGANISM’S RESPONSE

57
Q

This is an approach which has been utilized in biomedicine to better understand the molecular basis of human disease and the mechanism of drug action.

A

System Biology

58
Q

System biology is used in pharmacology to _______.

A

Understand drug action

59
Q

Start with the end in mind: stage in scientific investigation

A

The disease and the drug

60
Q

What are the 3 new expectations of DDD?

A

> Government’s New Bio-Technology Policy
Funding focus on applications/potential commercialization
Universities becoming commercially-oriented

Drug Discovery & Development (1 decks)

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