Prelim Exam Flashcards
A chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which when administered to a living organism , produces a biological effect.
DRUG
This is the process through which potential new medicines are identified
DRUG DISCOVERY
It involves wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology.
DRUG DISCOVERY
This is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been IDENTIFIED through the process of drug discovery.
DRG DEVELOPMENT
Diseases are controlled at the ______ and _______ level.
Molecular and Physiological
Process of drug in the body?
Molecular interactions»> Cellular and Tissue-level network»>Organ-level network»>Whole body
Drug discovery is a _______ process, which involves identification of a drug chemical therapeutically useful in ______ and ______ of a disease.
Multifaceted, Treating and Management
Overview of Drug Discovery and Development
- Identify disease
- Isolate protein involved in disease (2-5 years)
- Find a drug effective against disease protein (2-5 years)
- Preclinical testing (1-3 years)
- Formulation & Scale-up trials
- Human clinical trials (2-10 years)
What fields that the process of drug discover which candidate medication are discovered?
MEDICINE
BIOTECHNOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
How many chemical compounds must undergo laboratory screening for each new drug approved for use in humans
5,000-10,000
How many will enter preclinical and clinical testing and will be approved and commercialized?
-250 will enter preclinical testing
-5 will enter clinical testing
-1 will be approved and commercialized.
(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Herbal dugs and serendipitous discoveries
Pre 1919
(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY) Vitamins and vaccines
1920’s & 30’s
(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Antibiotic era and R&D boost due to WW2
1940’s
(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Rise of biotechnology and use of IT
1970’s
(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Breakthrough in Etiology
1960’s
(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
New technology and discover of DNA
1950’s
(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Commercialized of drug discovery and combinational chemistry
1980’s
(HISTORY OF DRUG DISCOVERY)
Robotics and automation
1990’s
TOP 15 COMPANIES BY R&D EXPENSE
- Novartis
- Merck & Co
- Roche
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Pfizer
- Johnson & Johnson
- Eli Lilly
- AstraZeneca
- Takeda
- Bayer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Boerhinger Ingelheim
- Amgen
- Novo Nordisk
How many years of the process of basic and discovery research?
3-6 years
How many years of development of research?
6-7 years
How many years in post marketing?
0.5-2 years or 0.5-1.5 years
This is an important discipline for the development of new medicines that are extreme importance for the conservation and enhancement of tradition use of natural products.
Ethnopharmacology
It focuses on the scientific exploration of biologically active agents that are used in traditional medicines.
Ethnopharmacological research
It has origins in the ethnopharmacology and ethnoveterinary practice.
Natural products
It encompasses a range of approaches ranging from the holistic to reductionist.
Modern Natural prodcust
What the prefix “ethno” means?
Meaning was preventive and therapeutic modalities other western medicine.
It was concerned with seeking rationale for use of traditional medicine handed down from generation to generation
Ethnopharmacology
It was strictly related to plant use, ethnobotany.
Ethnopharmacology
Scientific study of the relationship that exist between the people and plants.
Ethnobotany
In the word ethnobotany, from the term “ethnology” meaning_______ and “botany” is ______
The study of culture and the study of plants
How many plant species that is found (inventory) by ______ that is in use for medicinal in various countries?
By WHO and 20,000 plants
In those 20,000 plant species found, how many are commonly or have been checked for main active chemical compounds?
250 plant species
How many drugs with known structures that are still extracted from higher plants and used globally in allopathic medicine?
119 DRUGS
What is the ultimate goal of ethnopharmacology?
Identify drug to alleviate human illness via a thorough analysis of plants that is alleged to be useful in human cultures.
When was the term ethno pharmacology first used?
1967
In ___ century isolation of some __________ was a key event in development of modern pharmacy
19th &
OPIUM ALKALOIDS
How many percentage of estimated 250,000 species of flowering plants still awaiting for scientific investigation?
90%
The process if DD using Ethnopharmacology stages.
- Information sources
- Scientific investigation
Under the stage of SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION includes:
- Extraction
- Test for activity
- Chemical examination
This is search for biological resources and associated indigenous knowledge.
BIOPROSPECTING
Bioprospecting is also known as
Biodiversity Prospecting
Investigation of living things to see how they can be commercially useful to humans.
BIOPROSPECTING
Investigation of living things to see how they can be commercially useful to humans.
BIOPROSPECTING
In the concept of bioprospecting;
Extreme environments, provide
habitats for _________
organisms with unique
characteristics developed for survival.
“extremophiles”,
The_____ and
_____ which enable these
extremophiles to survive in
extreme ____,____,____, etc. and other unique
conditions are sources of great
potential for scientific
advancement and commercial application.
Biological processes and Materials.
Temperatures, pressures,
salinity
Its an illegal collection of biosamples in the biodiversity ______
Answer is Biopiracy and the ____ is “Hot spots”
Their using the nature knowledge of indigenous people, without permission of financial gains.
Biopiracy
How many % does the world’s remaining biodiversity that is concentrated in tropical and sub-tropical regions with developing country?
90%
Countries with mega diversity?
Mexico, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Australia, and the The democratic Republic of Congo
Where to start: stage scientific investigation
Vision for your medicine
What are the value of ethnopharmacological approach?
Efficacy and safety
Economic and sociopolitical consideration
They are concerned with scientific study disease
Biology of Disease
One of the foundations of medical science and practice.
Biology of Disease
Encompasses all aspects of disease, including _____ of the causes and effects of disease, and the ______ disease.
KNOWLEDGE & ORGANISM’S RESPONSE
This is an approach which has been utilized in biomedicine to better understand the molecular basis of human disease and the mechanism of drug action.
System Biology
System biology is used in pharmacology to _______.
Understand drug action
Start with the end in mind: stage in scientific investigation
The disease and the drug
What are the 3 new expectations of DDD?
> Government’s New Bio-Technology Policy
Funding focus on applications/potential commercialization
Universities becoming commercially-oriented
