Prelim Exam Flashcards
drug to treat breast cancer.
TAMOXIFEN
an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human but flora.
Candida Albicans
test to determine heart attack or not.
TROP I
Muscle metabolism
Creatinine
Protein Metabolism
Urea
Purine metabolism
Urine
Heme metabolism
Bilirubin
other term for Point of Care Testing
near-patient testing, alternate testing, patient focused testing
Used in emergency department, operating suites, clinics, health maintenance organization (HMO), physicians, offices & nursing homes
Point-of-Care Testing (POCT)
Recently just happened / Emergency
Acute
Happening in the past 6 months
chronic
it will be known if the baby’s RBC is high.
CBC
have a result in less than a minute.
poct
test for glucose.
glucometer
“Specimens or samples are ___ while substances in them are _____.”
analyzed, measured
needed in order for the glucose to enter the red blood cells
insulin
a decrease of this substance will make water will start to leak because no one will hold the water and the cause of having Edema.
albumin
Take if you only have iron deficiency anemia (females)
iron
It should be low content or else it will lead to underneath your skin (Hemochromatosis)
iron
Muscle metabolism
creatinine
Can’t metabolize by the liver into urea. Thus, becoming
ammonia
It comes from the red blood cells
Bilirubin
Dead RBC go here and serves as a storage
spleen
Patients color becomes _____ when their bilirubin is high.
yellowish
yellow skin.
jaundice
Term used for yellow serum specimen.
Icterus
Heme ____ Globin _____ Iron _____
Bilirubin - Amino acid - Liver
undetectable when it is inside the RBC
eNZYME
RBC is detectabe due to ____ and ____.
cell rupture or cell injury
SGPT new term?
ALT
SGOT old term
AST
High HEPA =
HIgh AST/SGOT
CK1 - CKBB
Brain affected
CK2 - CKMM
mUSCULAR Injury
CK3 - CKBM
Muscle and Brain Injury (Heart attack)
Gold standard for knowing if the patient is having a heart attack.
TROP I
(+) kidney disease but (-) HA
TROP T
associated with Acute pancreatitis
AMS - Amylase
mg of sodium required in body
200mg
Alcoholic
GGT (Gamma Glutamyl Transferase)
High in GGT means
broken liver
Liver enzyme
ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)
ALP sources (2)
Bone and Live r
used to Determine if the patient have prostate cancer
ACP (Acid Phospatase)
Seminal fluid has the highest ____ ?
ACP
– test used in rape cases.
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) under ACP
o Super active pineal gland (3rd eye)
ferritin
Too much paracetamol will attack your liver
acetaminophen
Very dangerous chemical when intake.
silver cleaner
involves a color change identify a chemical substance
colorimeteric
involves reduction or oxidation of a substance
redox
involves the formation of a compound using two molecules
condensation
utilizes enzymatic reactions to test for the ability
Degradative tests (Enzymatic)
ONE STEP (enzymes) under DEGRADATIVE TEST
one time only
ii. MULTI STEP (enzymes) under DEGRADATIVE TEST
Several times then get the average results
“ENZYMES is measured by _____, not ____
ACTIVITY - CONCENTRATION
mixture of different methods
MULTI METHOD
uses titration to identify an end product
TITRIMETRIC
involves relationship of potential differences and chemical reaction to identify a chemical change
ELECTROCHEMICAL
STAT meaning
short turn around time
Immediate; Urgent requests; Emergency
STAT
Usually less than 1 hour TAT
STAT
Electrolytes, CBC, Urinalysis, Uric Acid are under what lab request?
STAT
Important for clinical decisions and less than 2 hour TAT
Priority
Non urgent; standard or special tests
➢ Generally, 4-6 hours
routine
- NPO (Non-Per Orem)
o Nothing by mouth
is RBS (Random Blood Sugar) need fasting?
No
Borosilicate glass with low alkali content
Resists heat, corrosion and thermal shock
Most common are Pyrex, Kimax and Exax
- High thermal resistant glass
Better able to resist clouding due to to alkali or scratching
Ideal for higher temperature thermometers, graduated
cylinders and centrifuge tubes.
corex
recommended for use in application involving high temperature and drastic heat shock and extreme chemical treatment with acids and dilute alkalies heatable to 900oC and withstand downshock from 900oC to ice water
➢ ideal for ashing and ignition techniques
vycor
ideal for high precision analytical work and can also be used for optical reflectors and mirrors
high silica glass
- known as soft glass
glass with high resistance to alkali
amber or red-colored to reduce the amount of light passing through the substance within the glassware
* highly protective laboratory glassware for handling heatlabile substances in the 300-500nm range (bilirubin, carotene and vitamin A)
low actinic glass
soda-lime glass which is composed of a mixture of oxides of Si, Ca and Na
standard flint glass
easy to melt and shape thus used as reagent bottles and disposable laboratory glasswares
standard flint glass
- Ideal for alkaline solutions and cryogenic experiments
plastic wares
Unique group of resins with relatively inert chemical properties and unaffected by acids
polyolefins
twice as strong as polypropylene (from –100oC to +160oC)
Chemical resistance is not as wide as the polyolefins
Ideal for centrifuge tubes and graduated cylinders
- Polycarbonate resin
Nontoxic, clear plastic of modified PVC (polyvinylchloride)
* Used extensively for the manufacture of ACA tubings
* Flexible and used to handle most chemicals
tygon
- Almost chemically inert with high corrosion resistance at extreme temperatures
- For cryogenic experiments and work at high temperatures over extended periods
pure translucent white and inert
teflon fluorocarbon resins
Designed to deliver (TD) a fixed volume of liquid
Volumetric or Transfer Pipet
Calibration mark is etched around the upper suction tube
Volumetric or Transfer Pipet
Consists of a cylindrical bulb joined at both ends to narrower glass tubing
volumetric pipet
Used for accurate measurements of aliquots of non-viscous samples, filtrates, controls, and standard solutions
volumetric pipet
Used for measuring viscous fluids as blood or Serum
ostwald folin pipet
Has an etched ring near the mouthpiece (blowout pipet)
ostwald folin pipet
- Plain, narrow tube drawn out to a tip
- Graduated uniformly along its length
Graduated or Measuring Pipets
calibrated between two marks on the stem
mohr pipet
has graduation marks down on the tip and blown out to deliver the entire volume of the pipet if etched ring or double rings are evident near the mouth of the pipet
serological pipet
Not used for standard and sample
o Serological pipet
Mostly used in the laboratory
Serological pipet
Intended for the delivery of predetermined volumes
serological pipet
have larger orifice than mohr pipet
serological pipet
Principally used for the measurements of reagents and are not generally considered accurate enough for measuring viscous samples and standards
serological pipet
Sahli
TC
KIRK
TC
LANG LEVY
TD/TC
OVERFLOW
TC
CAPILLARY
TC
SANZ PIPET
TC=TD
UNOPETTE
TC
SEMIAUTOMATIC PIPET EPENDORF
TD/TC
a compound associated with water
Hydrate
when the water dissociates from the compound
Anhydrous
term used for substances that take up water on exposure
Hygroscopic
hygroscopic materials that remove moisture and keep other chemicals from being hydrated
Desiccants
desiccants that absorb enough water from the atmosphere to cause dissolution
▪ Deliquescent substances –
chemicals are of very high purity.
analytical reagent grade chemicals
USED most analytical laboratory procedures
AR GRADE
not injurious to humans and are used to produced drugs. They are not pure enough for use in most chemical procedures.
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and the National Formulary (NF) grade chemicals
chemicals do not recommend for reagent preparations.
chemically pure (CP) or pure grade
primarily used in manufacturing and should not be used in the clinical laboratory.
technical grade
lowest quality and should not be used for analytical work. It is mostly used in homes.
technical grade
It should be exact.
std glucose
a chemical that is the highest purity and can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration.
primary stadard
PS atleast _____% pure and working standards at ____% pure
99.98% - 99.95%
atomic weight standards
grade a
ultimate standards
grade b
primary standards with >0.002% impurity
grade c
working standards with >0.5% impurity
grade d
secondary standards derived from using Grade C standards
grade e
used as primary standard materials in the clinical laboratory. They are relatively expensive and should be used as a reference for the comparison of commercially obtained standards and reagents.
standard reference materials
a substance of lower purity whose concentration is determined by comparison to a primary standard.
secondary standard
water suitable for reagent and standard preparation. Most procedures use distilled water or deionized water.
Reagent grade water (RGW)
excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms, and any pyrogens or endotoxins
ultrafiltration
is purified to remove almost all organic materials.
distilled
produced from distilled water using either an anion or cation exchange resin followed by replacement of the removed particles with hydroxyl or hydrogen ions respectively.
deionized water
a process that uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane. It does not remove dissolved gases. It may be used for pretreatment of water
reverse osmosis
removes trace organic material or sterilization process at specific wavelengths
uv oxidation
has accurate measurement. It is used for procedures that require maximum water purity
type I rgw
used in most laboratory determination in chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology and other chemical laboratory areas.
type II rgw
used in most qualitative measurement/examinations, most procedures in urinalysis, parasitology and histology, washing glasswares and procedures not requiring Type I or Type II water.
type iii rgw
obtained by boiling Type II water.
co2 free water
expressed as % solution, molarity, molality, or normality
analyte
number of moles per L of solution
molarity
number of moles per Kg of solution
molality
equivalent weights per 1L of solution.
normality
pressure exerted by the vapor when the liquid solvent is in equilibrium with the vapor
vapor pressure
emperature at which crystal of solvent forms with the solution
Freezing point
temperature at which the vapor of the solvent reaches atmospheric pressure
Boiling point –
pressure that opposes osmosis when a solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane
Osmotic pressure
Routine washing may be done by soaking in dilute bleach followed by drying in an oven, soaking in 20% nitric acid solution for _____ and soaking in acid-dichromate solution.
12-24 hrs
For blood clots
10% NaOH.
For new pipets,
soak in 5% HCI or 5% HNO3.
metal ion determination,
soak in 20% nitric acid.
For grease
soak in any organic solvent or 50% KOH.
For permanganate stains
soak in 50% HCI or a mixture of 1% ferrous sulfate in 25% sulfuric acid.
For bacteriologic glassware
2% to 4% cresol solution
For iron determination
soak in 1:2 dilution of conc. HCI solution or 1:3 dilution of conc. HNO3.
can cause burns
caustic
also combustible, that is, can easily catch fire
Flammable
harmful to mucous membranes, skin, eyes or tissues
corrosive
can produce or incite cancer
carcinogen
cause changes in RNA or DNA
mutagen
cause birth defects
teratoen
The speed of the centrifuge is checked using the
tachometer or strobe light.
daily exposure to blood and body fluids.
category I
regular exposure to blood and body fluids.
Category II
no exposure to blood and body fluid
CATEGORY III
designates flammability - RED
TOP
indicates health hazard
LEFT - BLUE
indicates reactivity-stability
RIGHT - YELLOW
indicates special consideration
BOTTOM
Special Considerations:
- Water reactive
- Oxidizing agent
- Radioactive
- Poison
Records must be maintained for the length of employment plus
30 YEARS
The exposure limit FOR RADIATON
5000 mrem/year whole body
involves wiping laboratory surfaces with moistened absorbent material and the radiation contained in each wipe is counted.
WIPE TEST
ordinary combustible solid materials such as paper, wood, plastic and rubber
CLASS A
flammable liquids or gases and combustible petroleum products
CLASS B
energized electrical equipment
CLASS C
combustible/reactive metals like Mg, Na, & K
CLASS D
nuclear reaction
CLASS E
COOKING MEDIA
CLASS K
are for Class A fires.
Pressurized water extinguishers (Type A)
extinguishers are used for Class B and C fires.
Multi-purpose dry chemical and carbon dioxide (Type ABC)
extinguishers are recommended particularly for use with computer equipment.
(Type C) – Halogenated hydrocarbon
present special problems and extinguishments is left to trained fire fighters using special dry-chemical extinguishers.
(Type D) – Class D
hbv __ minutes and hiv ___minutes
10 minutes - 2mins
a special waste from health care facilities and is further defined as solid waste that, if improperly treated or handled may transmit infectious diseases
medica waste
for monthly calibration of analytical balances.
Class S weights
to calibrate the weights themselves since their quality is that of primary standards
Class M weights
used for routine analytical work.
Class S-1 –
are allowed greater tolerance levels than Class S-1.
Class P weights
used for microanalytical work.
Class J weights
The accuracy of the thermometer used to monitor the incubation temperature of an instrument should be verified every ____ months
6-12
Reference thermometers must be certified by the
NIST
For the monitoring of enzymatic reactions, thermometers should agree within
0.1 degress celsius
Thermometers used to check refrigerator and freezer temperatures should agree within
1.0 degrees celsius
immediate effects of exercise
alanine, lactate, FFA
MOST ANALYTES ARE DECREASED IN
FASTING
8-12 HRS fasting for
common metabolites
12-14 hrs fastin for
lipid profile
increased on HIgh meat
NPNs
concerned with the analytic phase of QA
QUALITY CONTROL (QC)
monitors the over-all reliability of laboratory results in terms of accuracy and precision
QC
was established by Belk which monitors primarily the accuracy of laboratory tests; the use of Youden plots
EXTERNAL QC (INTERLABORATORY QC)
was established by Levey which primarily monitors the day-to-day performance of laboratory tests -
INTERNAL QC (INTRALABORATORY QC)
PHYSICALY ACTIVE HAVE A RISE OF
MUSCLE ENZYME
Lipid profle contains
total cholesterol, TAG, HDL, LDL
made up of TAg rich
chylomicrons
ketone bodies
acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta hydroxybutyric acid
usually systematic errors or determinate errors that are caused by some factors in the analytical system
anaytical erros
usually called random errors or indeterminate errors that usually affect several analyses. Examples are mislabeling the specimen, wrong
PERSONNEL OR OPERATOR ERRORS
Values move continuously away from the mean in just one direction
TREND
Seen as an abrupt change from the established mean and continue in a linear fashion parallel to the mean.
SHIFT
the extent to which the mean measurement is close to the true value.
accuracy
the reproducibility of a laboratory determination when it is run repeatedly under identical conditions
precision
refers to the ability of a test to maintain its accuracy and precision for an extended period of time.
reliability
measure of dispersion of the values around the mean and in normal or GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION,
standard deviation
ability of the test to detect the smallest amount of the analyte in a solution or sample.
A highly sensitive test is characterized by a decreased probability of obtaining false negative results.
sensitivity
ability of the test to detect analyte without detecting other analytes that are also present in the sample.
A highly specific test leads to a decreased probability of obtaining false positive results.
specificity
solution (usually pooled serum samples) whose constituents are diverse but are known
control
a solution of a particular analyte of known characteristics and known value
standard
