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CHEM 322 - Organic Chemistry > Prelim Exam 1: Review of Reactions; Chemistry of Benzene; Alcohols and Phenols; Ethers (Chem 322 - Organic Chemistry) > Flashcards

Prelim Exam 1: Review of Reactions; Chemistry of Benzene; Alcohols and Phenols; Ethers (Chem 322 - Organic Chemistry) Flashcards

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1
Q

aromaticity

A

stability associated with benzene and related compounds that contain a cyclic conjugated system of 4n + 2 pi electrons

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2
Q

electrophilic aromatic substitution

A

an electrophile (E+) reacts with an aromatic ring and substitutes for one of the hydrogens

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3
Q

halogenation

A

substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with a halogen (-Cl, -Br, -I); occurs with the use of a catalyst or oxidizing agent

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4
Q

nitration

A

substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with a nitro group (-NO2); added with H2SO4; nitro-substituted product can be reduced to yield an arylamine (ArNH2)

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5
Q

sulfonation

A

substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H); adding with fuming sulfuric acid (mixture of H2SO4 and SO3); is readily reversible and is favored in strong acid

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6
Q

hydroxylation

A

substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with a hydroxyl group (-OH); added with catalyst p-hydroxyphenylacetate-3-hydroxylase, molecular oxygen and coenzyme reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)

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7
Q

alkylation

A

substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with an alkyl group (-R); introduction of an alkyl group onto the benzene ring

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8
Q

acylation

A

substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with an acyl group (-COR)

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9
Q

Friedel-Crafts Reaction

A

alkylation reaction is carried out by treating an aromatic compound with an alkyl chloride (RCl) in presence of AlCl3 to generate a carbocation electrophile (R+) that loses a H+ to yield a substituted arene

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10
Q

limitations of Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

A
  1. Only alkyl halides can be used… 2. not functional when the aromatic ring is substituted by a strong electron-withdrawing group (such as carbonyl) or by a basic amino group that can be protonated… 3. difficult to stop reaction after a single substitution (polyalkylation is favored)… 4. skeletal rearrangement of alkyl carbocation electrophile sometimes occurs during reaction (especially when using a primary alkyl halide)
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11
Q

substituent effects on electrophilic aromatic substitution

A

affect reactivity, affect orientation of reaction

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12
Q

activating groups

A

donate electrons to the ring, making the ring more electron-rich, stabilizing the carbocation intermediate, and lowering the activation energy for its formation

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13
Q

deactivating groups

A

withdraw electrons from ring, making the ring more electron-poor, destabilizing the carbocation intermediate, and raising the activation energy for its formation

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14
Q

inductive effect

A

withdrawal/donation of electrons through sigma bond due to electronegativity (withdrawal of electrons by halogens, hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, cyano groups, and nitro groups) (donation of electrons by alkyl groups)

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15
Q

resonance effect

A

withdrawal/donation of electrons through a pi bond due to overlap of a p orbital on substituent with a p orbital on aromatic ring (withdrawal of electrons by carbonyl groups, cyano groups, and nitro groups) (donation of electrons by halogens, hydroxyl groups, and alkoxyl -OR groups)

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16
Q

orientation of EAS reaction

A

nature of substituent initially present on benzene ring determines position of second substituent

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17
Q

(Substituent Effects in EAS) CH3

A

activating; ortho/para-directing; weak donating inductive effect; no resonance effect

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18
Q

(Substituent Effects in EAS) OH, NH2

A

activating; ortho/para-directing; weak withdrawing inductive effect; strong donating resonance effect

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19
Q

(Substituent Effects in EAS) F, Cl, Br, I

A

deactivating; ortho/para-directing; strong withdrawing inductive effect; weak donating resonance effect

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20
Q

(Substituent Effects in EAS) NO2, CN, CHO, CO2R, COR, CO2H

A

deactivating; meta-directing; strong withdrawing inductive effect; strong withdrawing resonance effect

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21
Q

electron donating group

A

lone pairs of electrons on first atom

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22
Q

electron withdrawing group

A

first atom is multiple bonded to a more electronegative atom

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23
Q

electron withdrawing groups on aromatic rings

A

strong deactivators and meta directing: electron withdrawing inductive effect and electron withdrawing resonance effect

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24
Q

electron donating groups (except halogens) on aromatic rings

A

strong activators and ortho/para directing: electron donating inductive effect and electron donating resonance effect

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25
Q

halogens on aromatic rings

A

weak deactivators and ortho/para directing: electron withdrawing inductive effect and electron donating resonance effect

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26
Q

if directing effects of two groups agree with each other

A

a singular aromatic substitution product is formed because further substitution is directed to same position

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27
Q

if directing effects of two groups oppose each other

A

a mixture of aromatic substitution products is formed, with the major product having further substitution at the point where the more powerful activating group directs it

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28
Q

further substitution between two groups in a meta-disubstituted compound

A

rarely occurs because of hindrance at the middle position

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29
Q

deactivating substituents on aromatic rings

A

prevent Friedel-Crafts alkylation/acylation

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30
Q

ortho-position is not favored

A

if ortho/para directing substituent is bulky (ex: NHOCH3, t-butyl group)

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31
Q

reactivity / influence on EAS of substituents on aromatic ring

A

strong deactivators (electron-withdrawing groups) < weak deactivators (halogens) < weak activators (aromatic ring / alkyl groups) < strong activators (electron donating groups except halogens)

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32
Q

nucleophile aromatic substitution (NAS)

A

a nucleophile (Nuc:-) reacts with aromatic ring and substitutes for an attached halide/leaving group; occurs only if aromatic ring has an electron-withdrawing substituent in ortho/para position to the leaving group (to stabilize the anion intermediate through resonance) and is thus favored by electron-withdrawing substituents (which activate the rings in this process, compared to electron-donating groups that activate in EAS)

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33
Q

electron-withdrawing groups in NAS

A

ortho/para directing

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34
Q

benzyne

A

a highly reactive intermediate in some nucleophilic aromatic substitutions that has a benzene ring with a formal triple bond (from removal of two hydrogens); the triple bond uses sp^2 hybridized carbons instead of sp; there is one pi bond formed from p-p overlap and one pi bond formed from sp^2-sp^2 overlap

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35
Q

oxidation of alkyl side chains on aromatic compounds

A

uses KMnO4, H2O… involves reaction of CH bonds at position next to aromatic ring (can only occur if benzylic hydrogens are present)

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36
Q

bromination of alkylbenzene side chains

A

uses NBS… only occurs at benzyllic position (no mixture of products)

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37
Q

selective reduction of alkene on side chain of aromatic compound

A

uses H2, Pd/C… reduces alkene only

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38
Q

hydrogenation of aromatic ring

A

uses Pt/C or Rh/C (most effective)… reduces aromatic compound to cyclic compound with no multiple bonds

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39
Q

reduction of aryl alkyl ketones

A

uses H2, Pd/C (after original Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction)… converts any alkyl ketone prepared by Friedel-Crafts acylation into an alkylbenzene, avoiding carbocation rearrangement issues from using a primary alkyl halide; not compatible with presence of NO2 because NO2 is reduced to NH2 under these reaction conditions

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40
Q

limitations of Friedel-Crafts Reactions

A

cannot occur on strongly deactivated rings; will not work is amine is present; polyalkylation will occur without use of excess benzene; rearrangement of alkyl groups occurs

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41
Q

Br2/FeBr3

A

brominating agent that introduces a bromine onto an aromatic ring

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42
Q

Cl2/FeCl3

A

chlorinating agent that introduces a chlorine onto an aromatic ring

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43
Q

I2/CuCl2

A

iodizing agent that introduces an iodine onto an aromatic ring

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44
Q

HNO3/H2SO4

A

nitrating agent that introduces a nitro group onto an aromatic ring

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45
Q

SO3/H2SO4

A

sulfonating agent that introduces a sulfonic acid onto an aromatic ring

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46
Q

RCl/AlCl3

A

alkylating agent that introduces an alkyl group onto an aromatic ring

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47
Q

RCOCl/AlCl3

A

acylating agent that introduces an acyl group onto an aromatic ring

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48
Q
  1. Fe, H3O+ ; 2. HO-
A

reducing agent that reduces a nitro group on a benzene to an amine group

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49
Q

NaOH, H2O

A

substitutes an aryl halide for an hydroxyl group on an activated aromatic ring

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50
Q

NaNH2, NH3

A

substitutes an aryl halide for an amine group (through a benzyne intermediate) on an unactivated aryl halide

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51
Q

KMnO4 (H2O) (hot, concentrated)

A

oxidizing agent that converts alkylbenzenes to benzoic acid derivatives (converts an alkyl group to a carboxylic acid)

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52
Q

NBS

A

brominates an alkylbenzene side chain (only if a benzylic hydrogen is present)

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53
Q

H2, Rh/C

A

catalytically hydrogenates a benzene ring to its saturated cyclohexane

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54
Q

H2, Pd/C

A

reducing agent that reduces an aryl alkyl ketone to a alkyl group and reduces a nitro group to an amine group

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55
Q

Zn(Hg)/HCl

A

reducing agent that converts a carbonyl group of an aldehyde/ketone to a methylene (CH2) group

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56
Q

where a substituent directs further substitution is dependent upon/due to

A

charged positions on resonance structures of benzene; due to stability of carbocation intermediates

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57
Q

H3O+

A

removes sulfonic acid groups from aromatic ring

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58
Q

SO3H

A

used as a blocking substituent when trying to direct further substitution to a specific position (then later removed)

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59
Q

Mg

A

addition to a benzene with a halide yields a Grignard reagent (which is a good nucleophile)

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60
Q
  1. NaOH; 2. H+
A

converts a sulfonic acid group on a benzene to an hydroxyl group

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61
Q

bulky substituent

A

when substituent is branched at first point of attachment to aromatic ring

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62
Q

add blocking group

A

when only ONE product is desired (and not wanting to separate out mixtures)

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63
Q

alcohol

A

compounds that have OH bonded to a saturated, sp^3 hybridized carbon atom

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64
Q

enol

A

compounds that have OH bonded to a vinylic, sp^2 hybridized carbon

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65
Q

phenol

A

OH bonded to a carbon involved in an aromatic benzene ring

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66
Q

primary alcohol

A

an alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is attached to no more than one other carbon.

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67
Q

secondary alcohol

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached a carbon that is attached to two other carbons.

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68
Q

tertiary alcohol

A

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is in turn attached to three other carbons.

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69
Q

alcohol nomenclature

A
  1. select longest carbon chain containing hydroxyl group and derive parent name by replacing -e ending with -ol… 2. number chain beginning at end nearest to hydroxyl group… 3. number substituents according to position on chain and write the name, listing substituents in alphabetical order and identifying position to which OH is bonded
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70
Q

phenol nomenclature

A

“phenol” as parent name and applicable numbering of substituents when present

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71
Q

properties of alcohols and phenols

A

higher boiling points due to hydrogen bonding; weakly basic and weakly acidic (as weak bases, they are reversibly protonated by strong acids to yield oxonium ion ROH2+ / as weak acids, they dissociate slightly in dilute aqueous solution by donating a proton to water to yield H3O+ and alkoxide ion RO- or phenoxide ion ArO-)

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72
Q

smaller Ka/larger pKa

A

weaker acid

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73
Q

larger Ka/smaller pKa

A

stronger acid

74
Q

the more readily the alkoxide ion is solvated by H2O then

A

the more stable it is, the more its formation is energetically favored, and the greater the acidity of the parent alcohol

75
Q

electron withdrawing substituents stabilize an alkoxide ion

A

through inductive effect, making the alcohol more acidic

76
Q

phenols are more acidic than alcohols

A

because conjugate base phenoxide ion is resonance stabilized, allowing for negative charge to be delocalized over ortho and para positions

77
Q

phenols are more acidic with

A

electron withdrawing substituents

78
Q

phenols are less acidic with

A

electron donating substituents

79
Q
  1. BH3, THF
  2. H2O2, -OH
A

converts an alkene into an alcohol through syn, non-Markovnikov addition product

80
Q
  1. Hg(OAc)2, H2O
  2. NaBH4
A

converts an alkene into an alcohol through markovnikov addition product

81
Q
  1. OsO4, pyridine
  2. NaHSO3, H2O
A

converts an alkene into a diol through syn addition (creating cis product)

82
Q
  1. RCO3H, CH2Cl2 [MCPBA]
  2. H3O+
A

converts an alkene into a diol through an epoxide intermediate then anti addition (creating trans product)

83
Q

for nucleophilic aromatic substitution

A

must have electron withdrawing group either ortho or para

84
Q

priority groups in nomenclature

A

alcohol > alkenes, alkynes > alkyl halogens

85
Q

highest priority group

A

has the ending in the name

86
Q

reduction of aldehydes using 1. NaBH4 2. H3O+ or 1. LiAlH4 2. H3O+

A

produces primary alcohol

87
Q

reduction of ketones using 1. NaBH4 2. H3O+ or 1. LiAlH4 2. H3O+

A

produces secondary alcohol

88
Q

reduction of carboxylic acids or esters using 1. LiAlH4 2. H3O+

A

produces primary alcohol

89
Q

reduction of carbonyl compounds using 1. RMgX 2. H3O+ (Grignard reaction)

A

react with formaldehyde to give primary alcohols, aldehydes to give secondary alcohols, and with ketones to give tertiary alcohols, esters to give tertiary alcohols

90
Q

grignard reagent limitations

A

grignard reagent cannot be prepared from an organohalide if other functional groups are present in same molecules

91
Q

hydrogen bond donor

A

molecule/ion that donates H in hydrogen bond

92
Q

hydrogen bond acceptor

A

molecule/ion that binds to donated H

93
Q

reaction of tertiary alcohol with HX through Sn1 mechanism

A

replaces OH with X

94
Q

reaction of primary or secondary alcohol with SOCl2 and PBr3 through Sn2 mechanism

A

replaces OH with Cl or Br

95
Q
  1. p-TosCl, pyridine
A

reaction of alcohol with p-TosCl in pyridine solution to yield alkyl tosylates (ROTos) through Sn2 mechanism

96
Q

reaction of tertiary alcohols with H3O+, THF through E1 reaction

A

follow Zaitsev’s rule to yield more stable alkene

97
Q

reaction of alcohols with POCL3, pyridine through E2 reaction

A

yields more stable alkene

98
Q

reaction of 1. SOCl2 2. alcohol with carboxylic acids

A

yields esters

99
Q

DMP with primary alcohol

A

yields aldehyde

100
Q

DMP with secondary alcohol

A

yields ketone

101
Q

CrO3, H3O+ with primary alcohol

A

yields carboxylic acid

102
Q

Na2Cr2O7 with secondary alcohol

A

yields ketone

103
Q

hydride (H:-) reagents

A

lithium aluminum hydride LiAlH4 – more reactive; sodium borohydride NaBH4 – less reactive

104
Q

R:- reagent

A

RMgX (grignard reagent)

105
Q

alcohols are good solvents

A

due to low reactivity properties

106
Q

alcohol reactivity can be increased by

A

protonation so that the ROH becomes ROH2 and thus OH2 is a leaving group; deprotonation so that ROH becomes RO- and a good nucleophile

107
Q

protecting interfering functional group

A
  1. introduce a protecting group to block interfering function… 2. carry out desired reaction… 3. remove protecting group
108
Q

protecting alcohol in grignard reaction using protecting route

A
  1. protect alcohol by adding (CH3)3SiCl, (CH3CH2)3N to yield TMS ether… 2. form grignard reagent… 3. do grignard reaction… 4. remove protecting group by adding H3O+
109
Q

oxidizing agents converting primary alcohols to aldehydes

A

PCC, DMP

110
Q

oxidizing agents converting primary alcohols to carboxylic acids

A

KMnO4, CrO3, Na2Cr2O7, or HNO3

111
Q

oxidizing agents converting secondary alcohols to ketones

A

PCC, DMP, KMnO4, CrO3, Na2Cr2O7, or HNO3

112
Q

oxidation of tertiary alcohol

A

CANNOT OCCUR, no reaction

113
Q

electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of phenols

A

hydroxyl group is strongly activating and ortho/para directing; highly reactive substrates for electrophilic halogenation/nitration/sulfonation/Friedel-Crafts reactions

114
Q

oxidation of phenols to quinones

A

Na2Cr2O7, H2O

115
Q

infrared spectroscopy of alcohols

A

characteristic C-O absorption at 1500 cm^-1; characteristic OH absorption 3300-3600 cm^-1

116
Q

infrared spectroscopy of phenols

A

characteristic broad absorption 3500 cm^-1 due to OH; absorption at 1500-1600 cm^-1 for aromatic

117
Q

NMR spectroscopy of alcohols

A

3.4-4.5 delta chemical shifts (C-O)

118
Q

NMR spectroscopy of phenols

A

7-8 delta chemical shifts (aromatic ring); 3-8 delta chemical shifts (phenol OH)

119
Q
  1. NaBH4 (or LiAlH4) 2. H3O+
A

synthesis of alcohols from aldehydes or ketones

120
Q
  1. LiAlH4 2. H3O+
A

synthesis of alcohols from esters or carboxylic acids

121
Q
  1. RMgX 2. H3O+
A

synthesis of alcohol from aldehydes, ketones, or esters

122
Q

dehydration with H3O+

A

converts tertiary alcohols to alkene

123
Q

dehydration with POCl3, pyridine

A

converts secondary and tertiary alcohols to alkene

124
Q

DMP or CrO3

A

oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehyde or carboxylic acid (respectively)

125
Q

DMP

A

oxidation of secondary alcohol to ketone

126
Q

Na2Cr2O7, H2O

A

oxidation of phenol to quinone

127
Q

primary alcohols cannot be dehydrated to form alkene

A

because they undergo substitution

128
Q

add -CH2-CH2-O in one step of synthesis

A

use an epoxide ring with grignard reagent and H3O+; can only be used if desired product has OH attached to -CH2-CH2- without branching on any of the CH2

129
Q
  1. ethylene oxide 2. H3O+
A

adds CH2-CH2-O to grignard reagent

130
Q

grignard limitation

A

cannot have OH or NH present with grignard

131
Q
  1. TMSCl, N(CH2CH3)3 2. H3O+
A

provides alcohol protection through conversion of the alcohol into TMS ether, then deprotected using H3O+

132
Q

double ended grignard reagent

A

cannot be smaller than a two carbon chain between grignard reagent ends

133
Q

ethers (ROR)

A

organic derivatives of water with two organic groups bonded to the same oxygen atom, with the organic groups being either alkyl, aryl, or vinylic and the oxygen atom being in an open chain or a ring

134
Q

thiols (RSH)/sulfides (RSR)

A

sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers

135
Q

ether nomenclature

A

simple ethers with no functional groups are named by identifying organic substituents and adding word “ether”; if other functional groups are present then the ether part is considered an alkoxy substituent

136
Q

properties of ethers

A

have nearly the same geometry as water: approximately a tetrahedral bond angle and oxygen is sp^3 hybridized; electronegative oxygen gives compound a slight dipole moment so boiling points are often slightly higher than alkane counterparts; relatively stable and unreactive; can react slowly with oxygen in air to give peroxides (compounds with O-O bond)

137
Q

williamson ether synthesis

A

alkoxide ion reacts with a primary alkyl halide to tosylate in an Sn2 reaction; unsymmetrical ethers should be synthesized from reaction between more hindered alkoxide partner and less hindered halide partner; primary halides and tosylates work best because E2 competition can occur with more hindered substrates; reagents: 1. NaH, THF 2. RX

138
Q

alkoxymercuration of alkenes

A

alkene is treated with alcohol in presence of mercuric acetate or (CF3CO2)2Hg, followed by reaction with NaBH4 to yield ether; markovnikov addition of alcohol to alkene; primary/secondary/tertiary alcohols react well but ditertiary ethers cannot be prepared due to steric hindrance; reagents: 1. (CF3CO2)2Hg, alcohol 2. NaBH4

139
Q

naming ethers

A

alkyl alkyl ether or alkoxyalkane

140
Q

tetrahydrofuran (THF)

A

polar aprotic solvent (has a dipole moment)

141
Q

H2SO4

A

forms ethers from primary alcohols

142
Q

(williamson ether synthesis) more sterically hindered part of ether

A

the alkoxide part

143
Q

(williamson ether synthesis) less sterically hindered part of ether

A

the alkyl halide part

144
Q

(alkoxymercuration) more sterically hindered part of ether

A

the alkene part

145
Q

(alkoxymercuration) less sterically hindered part of ether

A

the alcohol part

146
Q

acidity increases if negative charge of conjugate base

A

can be spread out/delocalized (which is better with electron-withdrawing groups)

147
Q

alcohol acidity increases if additional electronegative atoms are present because

A

they delocalize the negative charge by induction

148
Q

alcohols with the electron withdrawing group closer to the OH group

A

have increased acidity

149
Q

alcohols with more electron withdrawing groups

A

have increased acidity

150
Q

alcohols with the more electronegative electron withdrawing group

A

have increased acidity

151
Q

electron withdrawing group on phenol

A

increases ring’s ability to delocalize the negative charge, making the phenol more acidic

152
Q

electron donating group on phenol

A

decreases ring’s ability to delocalize the negative charge, making the phenol less acidic

153
Q

electron withdrawing group is ortho/para to OH group on phenol

A

the phenoxide negative charge is further delocalized in an additional resonance structure, further increasing the phenol’s acidity

154
Q

electron donating by induction

A

alkyl groups

155
Q

electron withdrawing by induction, electron donating by resonance

A

electron donating groups (groups with lone pair of electrons on first atom) and halogens

156
Q

electron withdrawing by induction, electron withdrawing by resonance

A

electron withdrawing groups (groups where the first atom is multiple bonded to a more electronegative atom, no lone pairs on first atom)

157
Q

pi bond breaks in step 1

A

EAS (electrophilic aromatic substitution) and EA (electrophilic addition)

158
Q

sigma bond breaks in step 2

A

EAS (electrophilic aromatic substitution)

159
Q

nucleophile adds to a pi bond in step 1

A

neither Sn1, EAS, or EA

160
Q

reaction passes through a carbocation intermediate

A

Sn1, EAS, and EA

161
Q

reducing SO3H to OH

A

H2, Pd

162
Q

reducing carbonyl group to alkyl group

A

1) -OH 2) H3O+

163
Q

carboxylic acid substituent on phenol

A

makes phenol more acidic; is the most acidic substituent possible

164
Q

least nucleophilic aromatic ring

A

the ring that has an electron withdrawing group (that is strongly deactivating)

165
Q

alkoxymercuration to yield ethers

A

the alcohol attacks the most substituted end of the starting alkene

166
Q

when adding a primary group from friedel-crafts

A

the primary carbocation will rearrange to form the more stable secondary/tertiary carbocation if possible

167
Q

ether properties

A

not an acid; weak base; poor nucleophile; poor electrophile

168
Q

epoxide

A

three membered rings with one oxygen and two carbons to make a cyclic ether

169
Q

preparation of epoxide

A

MCPBA

170
Q

acid-catalyzed epoxide opening using H3O+ or HX

A

if a tertiary epoxide carbon is present, nucleophilic attack occurs primarily at the tertiary position in Sn1 manner; if no tertiary epoxide carbon, nucleophile attack occurs at least hindered site (primary) in Sn2 manner

171
Q

base-catalyzed epoxide opening using -OH, -OR, R2NH, RMgX

A

if a tertiary epoxide carbon is present, nucleophilic attack occurs primarily at the tertiary position in Sn1 manner; if no tertiary epoxide carbon, nucleophile attack occurs at least hindered site (primary) in Sn2 manner

172
Q

ether cleavage using HBr or HI

A

Sn2: if no tertiary, allylic, or benzylic carbons are attached to oxygen, attack occurs at least hindered carbon (methyl, primary, or secondary) [yields methyl/primary/secondary alkyl halide and primary/secondary alcohol]; Sn1: if tertiary, allylic, or benzylic carbons are attached to oxygen, attack occurs at more hindered carbon [yields tertiary/allylic/benzylic alkyl halide and primary/secondary/methyl alcohol]

173
Q

the closer the substituent position

A

the stronger inductive effects (the stronger the acid)

174
Q

alcohol protection

A
  1. TMSCl 2. “reaction” 3. H3O+ to remove TMS group
175
Q

more nucleophile benzene substituent

A

stronger activator

176
Q

least nucleophile benzene substituent

A

stronger deactivator

177
Q

benzoic acid

A

COOH on benzene

178
Q

benzaldehyde

A

benzene with aldehyde

179
Q

aniline

A

benzene with NH2

180
Q

nitrobenzene

A

Benzene NO2

181
Q

toluene

A

benzene with CH3

182
Q

halobenzene

A

Benzene ring w/ an halide attached

CHEM 322 - Organic Chemistry (3 decks)

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