prelim Flashcards
what are protective behaviours? (definition)
Protective behaviours are those health behaviours that are likely to enhance a person’s level of health
Example of protective behaviours
wearing sunscreen
What are risk behaviours? (definition)
Risk behaviours are those health behaviours that have been found to contribute to the development of health problems or poorer levels of health
Example of risk behaviours
tanning
What are the individual factors/determinants of health?
knowledge and skills, attitude, genetics
What are the sociocultural factors/determinants of health?
family, peers, media, religion, culture
What are the socioeconomic factors/determinants of health?
education, employment, income
what are the environmental factors/determinants of health?
geographical location, access to health services, access to technology
What are modifiable health determinants?
Modifiable health determinants are those determinants that can be changed or controlled so they have a different level of influence on our health.
(things you can change)
What are non-modifiable health determinants?
Non-modifiable health determinants are the determinants that cannot be changes or altered. The only factors that might be seen as non-modifiable determinants of health are GENETICS or hereditary and some environmental factors.
How do the determinants influence health throughout life stages?
- The level of influence that the various determinants have on our health will not always be the same. At different times in our lives certain determinants may have a greater or lesser influence on our health status and health decisions.
For babies and young children, their families and determinants related to them such as geographic location and socioeconomic circumstances are likely to have the greatest influence on health.
o As we become older and start interacting with others beyond our immediate family, other sociocultural influences such as the media can start to have a significant influence on our health.
What does the social construct of health acknowledge? (interrelationship of determinants)
Viewing health as a social construct acknowledges that a variety of social, cultural, economic and environmental factors have a significant influence on an individual’s health.
what is health promotion?
Health promotion involves activities that are aimed at enabling people to increase control over their health, to improve their health and prevent illness
What is an example of a health promotion?
The ottawa charter
What is a concussion? (definition)
A concussion is classified as a violent shaking of the brain and can occur either directly or indirectly.
what are the two types of concussion?
rotational, lineal
What is rotational concussion?
more severe because the rotating of the head stretches the nerves leading to the brain which causes a more severe concussion, and can generally mean a longer recovery period.
What is lineal concussion?
Where the trauma is created head on in a straight linee
What are symptoms of concussion?
dizziness, nausea, trouble seeing, and continued headache, these symptoms can also last up to three weeks
describe heart attack
A heart attack usually occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the heart. Without blood, tissue loses oxygen and dies.
symptoms of heart attack
Discomfort in middle of chest, Possible pain in arm/neck, Irregular/weak pulse, Shock
management of heart attack
DRSABCD –> Seek urgent medical help, Ask for medication if any
describe stroke
A stroke is a sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain. Most strokes are caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain (ischemic stroke). Other strokes are caused by bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel bursts (haemorrhagic stroke).
signs and symptoms of stroke
Slurred speech, Blurred vision, Seizures, Possible loss of consciousness
what are lifestyle/behavioural approaches to health
E.G. quit smoking programs, health education
Education to change their lifestyle.
Preventative medical approaches involve…
drugs and technology
examples of preventative medical approaches (include analysis of them)
Childhood immunisation- prevent ill health and offer a faster response if the body is ever affected by a disease.
Cancer screening- prevents mortality and morbidity through early detection. Effectiveness - Allow for early intervention so saves time, money and health in later life
explain the public health approaches
Promote health based on knowledge that health has a range of determinants.
examples of health approaches and explain them
HEALTH PROMOTING IN SCHOOLS - Empowers individuals to take control of health. E.G. Welfare Programs - no bullying, no hat no play, education (PDHPE = mandatory for K-12)
historical significance of the Ottawa Charter
the main framework for health promotion. Designed by WHO in Canada in 1986. Was designed to promote the prevention of disease
- developed was in response to increasing rates of lifestyle-related disease and the acknowledgement that individuals are not responsible for their own health
what are the 3 strategies of the ottawa charter
- advocacy
- mediating
- enabling
what are the 5 action areas of the ottawa charter
- develop personal skills (education)
- Reorient health skills (reorient)
- Strengthening community action (community)
- building healthy public policy (policy/law)
- Creating supportive environment (support)
DPS stands for…
Developing personal skills
C/f of developing personal skills
Providing information, education for health and enhancing life skills.
example of developing personal skills
RYDA – to provide vital information on the risks associated with driving, how to ensure young people follow the laws which are there to protect them. – use of scare tactics
CSE stands for …
Creating supportive environments
why is Creating Supportive Environments essential?
CSE is essential to increase people abilities to make positive health choices. Support comes in many forms including schools, family and peers.
example of creating supportive environments
RYDA driver safety days support people to make the right choices, this support comes in many forms including sharing experiences as well as educating people to support them to make the right choices.
what does SCA stand for?
Strengthen community action
why is SCA crucial?
Community is crucial in order to get people to change behaviour, it also leads to empowerment, if people feel empowered they will more likely change behaviour.
Example of SCA
Toll Driver Reviver
Toll driver reviver is a community program that has been operating in Aus for more than 28 years. Powered by volunteers – members give up their own time to promote road safety and help to reduce the road tolls. This is successful when we look at statistics and MVA reducing
what does RHS stand for?
Reorienting health services
c/f : Creating Supportive Environments
taking care of each other, our communities and natural environment
c/f: Strengthening community action
Empowerment of communities. Getting the community involved in the decision making process.
what is social justice and its principles (3)
Social justice is the view that everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities including the right to good health
- equity
- diversity
- supportive environments
What is the principle of equity (regarding health promotion) + E.G.
The achievement of good health for everyone and is applied in many ways to promote health
E.G. Free education as people are able to gain knowledge on how to improve their health
What is the principle of diversity + E.G.
The difference that exists between individuals and groups of people
E.G. Having translators in hospitals and providing multiple brochures in different languages (supporting AUS multiculturalism)
What is the principle of supportive environments + E.G.
A location where people work, live and play and are protected from threats to health
* increase their ability to make health-promoting choices
E.G. Rural and remote people are in environments which are not as supportive as other environments
what is a muscle relationship
- Muscles are arranged in pairs around joints so that when one muscle moves a joint, another moves it back
- A muscle moves a joint by contracting, whilst its partner is relaxing.
- called ‘antagonistic pair’
Isotonic contraction + E.G.
a muscular contraction in which the length of the muscle changes. Contractions can either be concentric or eccentric
E.G. when lifting a heavy weight, a concentric contraction of the biceps would cause the arm to bend at the elbow, therefore lifting the weight towards the shoulder
E.G. An eccentric contraction results in the elongation of a muscle while the muscle is still generating force
Isometric contraction + E.G.
a muscular contraction in which the length of the muscle does not change
E.G. resting in the plank position, allows the abdominal muscles (core) to not change in length (holding the body still)
Physical activity is:
any movement that results in some expenditure of energy
Exercise is:
- planned, structured & repetitive bodily movement
- performed to improve or maintain one or more components of physical activity
- subset of physical activity
Exercise for pregnant women must..
- Low impact, light exercise
- Has to maintain good posture as carrying baby
- ease stress & pain on lower back
- control excess weight gain
E.G. of exercise for pregnant women
Pilates, yoga
Exercise for children must..
- focus on development of skills & making exercise fun
- attempts to establish motivation to physically move & extend physiological capacities
E.G. of exercise for children
sport activities, guided play, team sports like soccer to establish coordination
Exercise for aged/elderly must..
- correspond to bone density & heart + lung capacity decreased
- longer warm up & cool down
- low to moderate level
- physical activity enhances psychological, social & physical benefits
E.G. of exercise for the aged/elderly
aqua aerobics, Zumba
describe diabetes type 1
metabolic disease where your pancreas cannot make insulin
signs and symptoms diabetes type 1
- increased hunger + thirst
- weight loss
- frequent urination
- blurry vision
- extreme fatigue
management steps diabetes type 1
insulin to be injected in stomach, thigh, buttock or upper arm for best results
describe diabetes type 2
chronic condition where the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or resists insulin DOES NOT RESPOND TO INSULIN AS WELL AS BODY SHOULD
signs and symptoms diabetes type 2
- increased hunger + thirst
- weight loss
- frequent urination
- blurry vision
- extreme fatigue
describe asthma
A condition where your airways narrow, swell and produce extra mucus which consequently makes it difficult to breath
signs and symptoms asthma
- shortness of breath
- chest tightness / pain
- trouble sleeping due to shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing
- a whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling
- coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus E.G. cold or flu
management steps diabetes type 2
- Diet, Exercise & Lifestyle alterations
- Insulin therapy
management steps asthma
- Encourage the patient to stay clam
- have them sit, advise slow & steady breaths and loosen any tight clothing
- provide an inhaler & sit the person upright with clear airways
- give four puffs and four breaths every four minutes
- if no improvement surfaces after 20 mins - call medical emergency services
management steps to head injuries + concussions
- if casualty is unconscious, check their ABC, loss of consciousness and eye movements
- observe & keep patient still from the skull to the bottom of the spine
- mild painkillers can be used for any headache pain
- no consumption of food or drink until further advised
- anti-nausea tablets can be used for vomiting or nausea
- keep patient awake to monitor if condition is progressively getting worse
- X-ray of the neck if neck pain is experienced
What is blood pressure
a measure of health and fitness, and measures the pressure exerted by the blood onto the artery walls.
Consists of systolicpressure and your diastolicpressure.Systolic is the blood pressure in the arteries during acontraction of the heart, while diastolic is the blood pressure during the relaxation and filling of the heart.
Blood pressure during exercise
During exercise, your ventricles contract more forcefully. This causes an increase in systolic pressure during exercise, which continues to increase according to the intensity of the workload.
However, your diastolic pressure decreases because your arterial walls dilate (relax) to allow a greater flow of blood.
Movement efficiency
Relates to energy expenditure
the less energy expended during the execution of a sport skill, the moreefficientis themovement (uses the minimum amount of energy whilst exercising)
motivations and barriers in completing exercise
- access to facilities
- convenience of use
- cost
- feelings about fitness and exercise
- exercise as a priority
- influence of other responsibilities, eg family, work
Movement efficiency in relation to the heart muscle
if the heart is stronger it us more efficient which results in a decreased RHR, but most importantly the strength of the left ventricle is greatly improved resulting in an increased SV- if SV is increased (the amount of blood pumped out the LV per beat),this ill improve movement efficiency as more blood is delivered to cells in order for energy production, there is also an improvement in venous return (CO2 return of blood to the heart) in order for the waste product to be exhaled by the lungs.
what does RHS stand for?
Reorienting health services
c/f: reorienting health services
deals with emerging health issues and ensures health promotion focuses on these areas for example mobile phone usage in cars is now banned and has a high fine. The government look at statistics related and come up with solutions to solve the uprising health issue.
examples of reorient health services
For example new mobile laws have been introduced to try decrease statistics related to accidents where a phone has been the cause. At this stage as it is such a new law, there are no factual statistics related to mobile phone use, however overall the amount of MVA are decreasing especially amongst 17-24 yr olds.
c/f: building healthy public policy
- legislation and policies that leads to a greater equity in health, income and social policies.
what does BHPP stand for?
Building healthy public policy
justification/r.ship for BHPP
the laws are in place to force people into making correct decisions, the laws are in place to protect people and prevent MVA
example of BHPP
e.g. there are many P plate laws in place to protect young drivers, for example, young drivers are only allowed one passenger in the car after 11pm – this law has been very successful in reducing statistics related to P plate drivers overloading cars and having fatal accidents.
hypoglycemic … (diabetes)
blood sugar = LOW - rapid pulse, sweating, pale skin, weak
hyperglycaemic … (diabetes)
blood sugar = HIGH - rapid pulse, peeing
arteries go … heart
AWAY FROM THE HEART
veins go … heart
TO THE HEART
c/f cardiorespiratory endurance
The body’s ability of the heart and lungs to deliver oxygen to the muscles in the body in order to maintain movement for an extended period of time.
r/ship cardio respiratory endurance
good cardiorespiratory endurance helps to improve movement efficiency
test for cardiorespiratory endurance
beep test
c/f muscular strength
C/f Muscular strength a measure of the maximal amount of force that a muscle can produce in one contraction.
muscular strength test
1RM
c/f muscular endurance
muscles ability to repeat a movement over and over again
r./ship muscular end.
endurance is needed in order to sustain an activity for example marathon runners need a very high level of muscular endurance
Test for muscular. end.
beep test, push up test, sit up test
c/f flexibility
the range of movement in a joint
r/ship flexibility
needed for god health and to ensure people have good mobility, athletes need good flexibility to decrease injury
test flexibility
sit and reach
c/f body composition
the ratio of fat to muscle in particular areas of the body
r/ship of body composition
needed for general health for example a person with low body fat should have less health issues than
Athletes always perform better with a low percentage of body fat as they have more muscle which aids performance
test for body comp.
BMI
c/f power
Power = strength X speed Shot put, 100m sprint
C/F The ability to combine strength and speed in an explosive action.
r/ship of power
Power is need in explosive sports such as shot put, where the amount they power they exert is crucial however must combined with speed to ensure they throw the furthest distance.
tests for power
vertical jump
c/f speed
speed is the rate something moves, the distance something travels in a set period of time
r/ship speed
speed is crucial to movement efficiency in sports such as a 100m sprint
test for speed
50m sprint
c/f agility
the ability to change direction quickly
test agility
Illinois agility test
c/f coordination
the body’s ability to perform smooth and efficient movement
r/ship coordination
needed in all sports, however more coordination is needed in dancing, gymnastics and ball sports, whereas less coordination is needed in running such as a marathon runner
test coordination
ball toss
c/f balance
the ability fo the body to stay in control of its position,
r/ship balance
crucial in most sports as a n athlete needs to ensure they are in control to stablise their action
test for balance
stork stand - stand on one foot
c/f reaction time
ability to react to qa stimuli for example a starters gun
R/SHIP Reaction time
needed in most sports where an athlete needs to react to a starter gun or a whistle
test for reaction time
ruler test - A ruler is placed between an athletes fingers and dropped, the quicker they catch the ruler the better their reaction time.
what does FITT stand for?
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
c/f heart rate
Heart rate is the number of times your heart beats in a minute.
how does heart rate respond to training
Heart rate responds to training by increasing from the resting value and is often used to set or determine the intensity of the training session.
r/ship heart rate
In netball, your heart rate increases due to the nature of the game, the game is an aerobic and anaerobic sport. In the game we need to take in more o2 as the muscles require more o2 for atp production and the removal of co2. The heart delivers this o2 to the cells for atp production as well as taking the co2 away and delivering it to the lungs for the player to exhale. The heart rate will differ depending on the intensity the athlete performs at in netball.
c/f ventilation rate
Ventilation rate is a measure of how many breaths a person takes per minute and is also known as the respiratory rate.
how does ventilation rate respond to training
An athlete’s ventilation rate will have an immediate increase in response to training.
r/ship ventilation rate
The increase in ventilation rate is directly related to the intensity of a netball game or training. The more intense level the athlete performs at, the higher the ventilation rate. The o2 is taken into the lungs and then transferred into the blood and taken to the heart and vice versa. The co2 is taken out of the blood into the lung and is exhaled by the player.
c/f cardiac output
amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in a minute
how does cardiac ouput respond to training
increases
r/ship cardiac output
Like other athletes, for a netballer, their cardiac output increases due to a large increase in heart rate and small increase of stroke volume. But it primarily increases due to the calculation of hrxsv. If the athlete’s hr and sv both increase immediately during exercise, it would mean the co will also increase.
c/f lactate levels
Lactate levels refers to the amount of lactate and/or lactic acid in your blood. Lactic acid is produced by the lactic energy system and is quickly converted to lactate before being transported to your liver where it is converted to glucose.
how does lactate levels respond to exercise
An elite netballer’s lactate levels will increase in line with the intensity of the game. The more energy the athletes makes using the lactic acid energy system, the more the athletes lactate levels will increase
nature of CVD / heart disease
the buildup of fatty deposits upon the walls of the arteries surrounding the heart. This action of build up causes the arteries to narrow, then restricting the blood flow towards the heart muscle, the process can be identified as atherosclerosis.
CVD / heart disease has higher occurrence if you:
suffer from diabetes type 2
high blood pressure
Smoke
minimal physical activity
nature of diabetes
Diabetes occurs when the pancreas has an inability to produce enough insulin or when the body becomes resistant to insulin
nature of type 1 diabetes
where people cannot produce insulin and require lifelong insulin replacement to survive – This type typically comes through genetics, normally through birth or from a young age.
nature of type 2 diabetes
lifestyle risk factors such as consuming a poor diet with minimal nutritional value or lacking physical activity.
nature of stroke
when there is damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply
nature of asthma
when an individual’s air passages become narrowed from the occurrence of muscle spasm, swollen mucous membranes and/or increases mucus production. This causes difficulty for the patient to breathe normally
asthma can be triggered by…
o Cold air
o Exercise
o Allergens such as pollens or smoke
o Chest infections
