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BIOG 1440 Prelim 3 > Prelim 3 > Flashcards

Prelim 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Leave absorb…

A

CO2 (from air)

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2
Q

Roots absorb…

A

H2O and some minerals (from soil)

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3
Q

Cation exchange

A

+ cation bonded to - soil particle
+ ion (H+) exchanged for cation

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4
Q

4 stages of food processing

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
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5
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Main organs responsible for digestion (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum)

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6
Q

Accessory glands

A

Salivary, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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7
Q

Adaptation of an herbivore

A

Longer posterior digestive tract (cecum, colon)

*not ruminant

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8
Q

Adaptation of a carnivore

A

Longer small intestine

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9
Q

Mono gastric

A

Simple chambered (ex. Human, dog, cat, pig)

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10
Q

Ruminant

A

Multi chambered stomach (goat, cow, deer)

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11
Q

Hindgut fermentor

A

Simple stomach, complex intestine (horse, ostrich)

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12
Q

What do the salivary glands secrete?

A

Amylase to breakdown carbohydrates

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13
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme to digest protein

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14
Q

How is the stomach layer protected

A

Mucus layer (physical) and bicarbonate secretion (chemical)

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15
Q

Gastric phase

A

1) Pepsinogen and HCl - secreted into lumen
2) HCl - converts pepsinogen into pepsin
3) pepsin activates more pepsinogen (pos. feedback loop)

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16
Q

Where does most digestion occur

A

Phase 3: small intestine

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17
Q

Adaptation to increase absorption

A

Microvillar surface (inc. surface area)

18
Q

Is transport across the epithelium active or passive

A

Both

19
Q

Endosymbiots

A

Reside within the body or cells of an organism

20
Q

Relationship between plants and rhyzobacteria

A

Symbiotic
Plants provide nutrients
Rhyzobacteria provide chemicals to promote growth, produce antibiotics, absorb toxic metals, inc. nutrient availability

21
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Converts nitrogen/compounds into NO3- or NH4+

22
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

Generate NH4+ from N2

23
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

Generate NO3- from NH4+

24
Q

Ammonifying bacteria

A

Generate NH4+

25
Q

Where are most microbes

A

Large intestine preferred site, >70% in colon

26
Q

Microbes ____ in number from proximal to distal

A

Increase

27
Q

Microbia main functions

A

Maintain intestinal homeostasis by
1) immunity
2) metabolic role
3) chemical modulator

28
Q

How to microbes impact behavior?

A

Microbia are affected by the body’s experiences -> send chemical signals that affect memory, emotions, behavior

29
Q

Initial exposure to Microbia occurs…

A

In the birth canal

30
Q

What happens to Microbia abundance and diversity as you age?

A

Age 0-1 increase in abundance
Age 0-3 increase in diversity/development of composition

31
Q

Dysbiosis

A

Microbial imbalance

32
Q

What do Microbia do for the human body?

A

1) synthesize neurotransmitters
2) metabolize undigested food
3) inhibit pathogens from colonizing (disease prevention)
4) synthesize vitamins and amino acids

33
Q

FAST cell communication by…

A

Neurotransmitters

34
Q

FAST cell communication range

A

Short range, by axons

35
Q

SLOW cell communication by…

A

Hormones

36
Q

SLOW cell communication range

A

Long range, by diffusion through circulatory system

37
Q

Ranges of hormone diffusion…

A

1) short : autocrine
2) medium : paracrine
3) long : endocrine

38
Q

Autocrine diffusion

A

Acts on the same cell

39
Q

Paracrine diffusion

A

Acts on neighbors

40
Q

Endocrine diffusion

A

Requires circulation

41
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Regulates homeostasis. Acts on stimulus and brings it back to normal. RESPONSE COUNTERACTS CHANGE.

42
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Enhances the affect of stimulus. RESPONSE AMPLIFIES CHANGE.
Ex. Childbirth (explain)

BIOG 1440 Prelim 3 (2 decks)

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